Āmiomio Aotearoa

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/10289/16569

Āmiomio Aotearoa is a transdisciplinary, multi-partner research project funded by the Ministry for Business, Innovation and Employment (MBIE) and hosted by the University of Waikato. Āmiomio Aotearoa is a novel socio-economic concept that is cyclical in nature and regenerative by design. Bringing together Mātauranga Māori and western science, the concept aims to move beyond linear extract-produce-use-dispose material and energy flow models in order to optimise the value and use of products, components and materials over time.

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Waste to energy projects, the circular economy, and the law
(LexisNexis, 2024-07) Barton, Barry; Wee, Richman
Two proposals for large waste-to-energy plants are under consideration and causing a great deal of debate. They will use the most common waste-to-energy (WTE) technology, disposing of waste by burning it in an incinerator to raise steam in a boiler, to generate electricity or supply heat for industrial processes. They employ elaborate equipment to reduce air pollution. The issues raised by WTE are significant; New Zealand is among the top waste producing nations in the OECD (3.2 tonnes of waste per capita per annum), and the worst for reuse and recycling: NZ Infrastructure Commission, Rautaki Hanganga o Aotearoa 2022-2052 New Zealand Infrastructure Strategy (2022) at 98. At the same time air pollution from combustion of different kinds already has significant adverse health impacts: Gerda Kuschel and others, Health and Air Pollution in New Zealand 2016 (2022); Stats NZ, “Health Impacts of Exposure to Human-Made Air Pollution” (2023). It seems useful to ask whether the current legal and policy framework for WTE projects is satisfactory.
From willingness to engage to willingness to pay: A behavioral experiment on green consumer information in a digital product passport
(RePec, 2025) Dorner, Zack; Tucker, Steven; Zhang, Abraham; Huber, Anna
Information represents the “third wave” of environmental policy. Existing evidence shows consumers increase their willingness to pay (WTP) for environmentally friendly products with clear labelling. However, there is a gap in the literature regarding whether consumers have a willingness to engage (WTE) with detailed information, for example, through a Digital Product Passport (DPP). This technological innovation is part of the European Union’s new circular economy action plan. In our theoretical model, a green consumer decides whether to invest in information on how to mitigate their environmental damage, but at a cognitive cost. We test the model in a lab experiment selling an environmentally friendly toothbrush, but information about its environmental credentials is only available through a DPP. We find education on the DPP’s purpose is key to increasing revealed WTE when a DPP is available. Participants with a high stated WTE engage with the DPP regardless; the increase in revealed WTE comes from those with a lower stated WTE. Engagement with the DPP, in the case that it contains positive environmental information, increases WTP. The policy implications of our results are that education about the purpose of the DPP is required in order to increase the likelihood of actual consumer engagement with it, as long as it is user friendly. However, engagement with a DPP may not lead to further shifts in environmental orientation and behavior. Our study also demonstrates novel measures of WTE, and how these can be used to understand pro-environmental consumer behavior in a theoretically informed manner.
Designing sustainable materials: The role of material perception in consumer acceptance
(Jomard Publishing, 2025-04-03) Thundathil, Manu; Müssig, Jörg; Nazmi, Ali Reza; Shahri, Bahareh; Emerson, Nick; Huber, Tim
Material perception is vital in designing new materials and products that consumers widely accept, especially in the case of sustainable materials like biobased composites, which are unfamiliar to the average consumer. Understanding the effect of visual and tactile characteristics of the biobased composites on the formation of material perception could help material engineers and designers create sustainable and high-value materials. In this study of biobased composites, the semantic differential method is used to assess material attributes (in digital and physical settings), along with the qualitative assessment of material characteristics. These attribute ratings and qualitative descriptors help evaluate sensory qualities and generalise their influences on material perception. It is observed that respondents refer to past material experiences to define materials, especially the ones with uncertain attributes. While visual/tactile inconsistencies are a hallmark of natural products, such irregularities in materials with evidence of human interaction (e.g., weaving, geometric patterns) lead to poor perception of beauty and value. Fibreness is a strong signifier of naturality and warm and earthy tones reinforce this perception. Visual and tactile attributes influence perceptions of beauty and values, pointing to their bimodal nature; this also emphasises the role of sensory characteristics in creating desirable biobased composites.
Designing with biobased composites: understanding digital material perception through semiotic attributes
(Cambridge University Press, 2023-03-15) Thundathil, Manu; Nazmi, Ali Reza; Shahri, Bahareh; Emerson, Nick; Müssig, Jörg; Huber, Tim
Biobased composites, which are considered a sustainable alternative to plastics, are yet to create a significant influence on product design and manufacturing. A key reason for this is perceptual handicaps associated with biobased composites and this study was aimed at understanding the mechanisms behind biocomposite perception, in the context of digital visuals. This study of digital biocomposite visuals demonstrated that material perception is influenced by the visual characteristics of the material. Data analysis of the perceptual attributes of the materials pointed towards clear ‘clustering’ of the materials against these attributes. Analysis shows that visual features like fibres and surface appearance may impact aesthetic and functional evaluation and there is no effect on age, gender or polymer type. We also propose a reference framework to categorise biobased composites based on visual order.
Visual–tactile perception of biobased composites
(MDPI, 2023-02-23) Thundathil, Manu; Nazmi, Ali Reza; Shahri, Bahareh; Emerson, Nick; Müssig, Jörg; Huber, Tim
Biobased composites offer unique properties in the context of sustainable material production as well as end-of-life disposal, which places them as viable alternatives to fossil-fuel-based materials. However, the large-scale application of these materials in product design is hindered by their perceptual handicaps and understanding the mechanism of biobased composite perception, and its constituents could pave the way to creating commercially successful biobased composites. This study examines the role of bimodal (visual and tactile) sensory evaluation in the formation of biobased composite perception through the Semantic Differential method. It is observed that the biobased composites could be grouped into different clusters based on the dominance and interplay of various senses in perception forming. Attributes such as Natural, Beautiful, and Valuable are seen to correlate with each other positively and are influenced by both visual and tactile characteristics of the biobased composites. Attributes such as Complex, Interesting, and Unusual are also positively correlated but dominated by visual stimuli. The perceptual relationships and components of beauty, naturality, and value and their constituent attributes are identified, along with the visual and tactile characteristics that influence these assessments. Material design leveraging these biobased composite characteristics could lead to the creation of sustainable materials that would be more attractive to designers and consumers.
Development of extrudable hydrogels based on carboxymethyl cellulose–gelatin complex coacervates
(MDPI, 2025-01-08) Gharanjig, Hamid; Zadeh, Hossein Najaf; Stevens, Campbell; Abhayawardhana, Pram; Huber, Tim; Nazmi, Ali Reza
This study investigates the 3D extrusion printing of a carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)–gelatin complex coacervate system. Various CMC–gelatin coacervate hydrogels were prepared and analyzed to achieve this goal. The impact of the CMC–gelatin ratio, pH, and total biopolymer concentration on coacervation formation and rheological properties was evaluated to characterize the printability of the samples. Turbidity results indicated that the molecular interactions between gelatin and CMC biopolymers are significantly pH-dependent, occurring within the range of pH 3.7 to pH 5.6 for the tested compositions. Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) confirmed the presence of coacervates as spherical particles within the optimal coacervation range. Scanning electron microscopy micrographs supported the CLSM findings, revealing greater porosity within this optimal pH range. Rheological characterization demonstrated that all CMC–gelatin hydrogels exhibited pseudoplastic behavior, with an inverse correlation between increased coacervation and decreased shear viscosity. Additionally, the coacervates displayed lower tackiness compared to gelatin hydrogels, with the maximum tackiness normal force for various CMC–gelatin ratios ranging from 1 to 15 N, notably lower than the 29 N observed for gelatin hydrogels. Mixtures with CMC–gelatin ratios of 1:15 and 1:20 exhibited the best shear recovery behavior, maintaining higher strength after shear load. The maximum strength of the CMC–gelatin coacervate system was found at a biopolymer concentration of 6%. However, lower biopolymer content allowed for consistent extrusion. Importantly, all tested samples were successfully extruded at 22 ± 2 °C, with the 1:15 biopolymer ratio yielding the most consistent printed quality. Our research highlights the promise of the CMC–gelatin coacervate system for 3D printing applications, particularly in areas that demand precise material deposition and adjustable properties.
Reactive compatibilization of harakeke fiber-reinforced poly(lactic) acid/polybutylene succinate blend
(Wiley, 2024) Akindoyo, John O.; Pickering, Kim L.; Beg, Mohammad Dalour Hossen; Mucalo, Michael R.
Different blends of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and polybutylene succinate (PBS), and their harakeke fiber-reinforced composites were studied. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the PLA and PBS are incompatible and poorly miscible. Tensile strength and tensile modulus of the blends were found to reduce as the amount of PBS increased. Reinforcement alone was not able to significantly improve the mechanical performance of the blend, which is lower than that of neat PLA. Therefore, simultaneous reinforcement and reactive compatibilization were performed using harakeke fiber, and dicumyl peroxide as reinforcement and compatibilizer, respectively. This produced about 201% increase in the crystallinity of PLA. Compared with the PLA/PBS blend, the dual effect approach increased the tensile strength and tensile modulus by 31% and 148%, respectively. Likewise, dynamic mechanical analysis showed that the thermomechanical properties of the composite greatly improved.
Recyclable hemp hurd fibre-reinforced PLA composites for 3D printing
(Elsevier, 2024) Beg, Mohammad Dalour Hossen; Pickering, Kim L.; Akindoyo, John O.; Gauss, Christian
In this study, 3D printing filaments were produced from hemp hurd fibre-reinforced polylactide (PLA) composites. Hemp hurd microfibres were obtained through alkaline digestion followed by a bleaching treatment and were used to produce PLA-based composites with 20–40 wt% fibre content for fused deposition modelling. Tensile testing of 3D printed composites revealed a gradual increase of Young's modulus with the addition of fibres, reaching a maximum of 7.1 GPa for the 40 wt% composite - a two-fold increase to neat PLA. However, tensile strength was only improved for the 20 wt% formulation, with an increase of 8% in comparison with neat PLA. Nevertheless, the thermo-mechanical properties of the composites were significantly enhanced with the addition of fibres. In addition, physical objects were printed from the recycled filaments to assess their recyclability and printability. It was found that the recycled filaments maintained comparable mechanical properties and printability after three recycling cycles.
Bioinspired surface modification of mussel shells and their application as a biogenic filler in polypropylene composites
(Elsevier BV, 2024-10) Xu, Jing; Mucalo, Michael R. ; Pickering, Kim L.
This study explores the potential of mussel shells (MS) as biogenic fillers in polymer composites. The chemical composition and crystal structures of MS were characterised. To improve MS filler dispersion and adhesion within a polypropylene (PP) matrix, three surface modification methods were evaluated: polydopamine (PDA) coating, maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene (MAPP) modification, and PDA/MAPP co-modification. The PDA coating, inspired by the adhesive properties of mussel foot proteins, successfully functionalized the MS surface, as confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Thermodynamic analysis, based on contact angle measurements, revealed that MAPP and PDA/MAPP modifications reduced surface energies and potential energy differences. These changes enhanced filler dispersion and interfacial bonding by increasing hydrophobicity and reducing agglomeration in the PP matrix. Consequently, PP composites with 20% PDA/MAPP-modified MS fillers exhibited a 2.9% increase in tensile strength and a 7.5% increase in flexural strength compared to neat PP. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also showed reduced filler-matrix debonding and fewer voids. The proposed mechanism attributes these macroscopic property enhancements to the ability of the PDA coating to facilitate chemical and hydrogen bonding between MS fillers and MAPP.
Working paper: Regulating products, production, and consumption for a circular economy in Aotearoa New Zealand
(The University of Waikato, 2023-03) Blumhardt, Hannah
This working paper explores the legislative tools for product regulation and business model transformation that could help the New Zealand Government accelerate uptake of circular behaviours at the top of the waste hierarchy (i.e. behaviours that reduce natural resource consumption and pollution, and allocate the resources we do use more efficiently). In practice, these are powers aimed at drawing down production and consumption, including incentivising business models to shift from individual ownership and disposability, towards sharing/service-based models, product durability, and reuse.
NZ’s government plans to switch to a circular economy to cut waste and emissions, but it’s going around in the wrong circles
(The Conversation, 2021-11-03) Blumhardt, Hannah
The New Zealand government is currently developing plans to address two crises — climate change and waste — and to embrace a circular economy. But it has no clear path for how to do this. The resulting muddle is watering down the potential of a circular economy to bring lasting change.
From lines to circles: reshaping waste policy
(Victoria University of Wellington, 2022-05-20) Blumhardt, Hannah; Prince, Liam
The impacts of waste transcend landfills and litter; emissions and pollution occur at every stage of the linear ‘take–make–waste’ economy. Zero waste and circular economy theories offer systemic perspectives and practical solutions. The New Zealand government has committed to a circular economy vision for Aotearoa. Given New Zealand’s ‘rubbish record on waste’, the social and economic transformation required will take extraordinary collaboration and a common direction of travel. This article diagnoses the extent of global waste problems, the circular pathways forward, and New Zealand’s early steps along them. With the government re-oriented to act, we urge an ambitious, joined-up approach that avoids locking in inadequate responses to existential threats.
Reducing single use packaging and moving up the waste hierarchy
(Taylor & Francis, 2022-12-16) Diprose, Gradon; Lee, Louise; Blumhardt, Hannah; Walton, Sara; Greenaway, Alison
Interest in circular economy practices is increasing. A key material that connects the circular economy and wider environmental concerns is plastic waste, which poses environmental, climate, and human health risks. Single-use plastic packaging is particularly problematic because it forms the largest share of the global plastics market, has a short life cycle, and has channelled investment towards the bottom of the waste hierarchy. Given single-use plastic packaging is embedded in global trade, transitioning away from use requires much more than ‘behaviour change’ from individual producers and consumers. In this article we use social practice theory to show how social change is occurring with regard to single-use plastics. We draw on two food retail case studies of (primarily) business-to-consumer packaging from Aotearoa New Zealand. We show how transitioning away from single-use plastic food packaging requires (1) understanding the function and meaning of packaging materials, and (2) coordinating other materials, skills and meanings to re-craft and substitute the functions that single-use packaging performs across businesses, supply chains and consumers. Our analysis illustrates the significant collaboration and emerging networks needed for change, and signals how investment towards the top of the waste hierarchy in reuse could contribute to a more circular economy.
Environmentally benign fast-degrading conductive composites
(American Chemical Society, 2023-12-26) Greene, Angelique; Abbel, Robert; Vaidya, Alankar A.; Tanjay, Queenie; Chen, Yi; Risani, Regis; Saggese, Taryn; Barbier, Maxime; Petcu, Miruna; West, Mark; Theobald, Beatrix; Gaugler, Eva; Parker, Kate
An environmentally benign conductive composite that rapidly degrades in the presence of warm water via enzyme-mediated hydrolysis is described. This represents the first time that hydrolytic enzymes have been immobilized onto eco-friendly conductive carbon sources with the express purpose of degrading the encapsulating biodegradable plastic. Amano Lipase (AL)-functionalized carbon nanofibers (CNF) were compounded with polycaprolactone (PCL) to produce the composite film CNFAL-PCL (thickness ∼ 600 μm; CNFAL = 20.0 wt %). To serve as controls, films of the same thickness were also produced, including CNF-AL5-PCL (CNF mixed with AL and PCL; CNF = 19.2 wt % and AL = 5.00 wt %), CNF-PCL (CNF = 19.2 wt %), ALx-PCL (AL = x = 1.00 or 5.00 wt %), and PCL. The electrical performance of the CNF-containing composites was measured, and conductivities of 14.0 ± 2, 22.0 ± 5, and 31.0 ± 6 S/m were observed for CNFAL-PCL, CNF-AL5-PCL, and CNF-PCL, respectively. CNFAL-PCL and control films were degraded in phosphate buffer (2.00 mg/mL film/buffer) at 50 °C, and their average percent weight loss (Wtavg%) was recorded over time. After 3 h CNFAL-PCL degraded to a Wtavg% of 90.0% and had completely degraded after 8 h. This was considerably faster than CNF-AL5-PCL, which achieved a total Wtavg% of 34.0% after 16 days, and CNF-PCL, which was with a Wtavg% of 7.00% after 16 days. Scanning electron microscopy experiments (SEM) found that CNFAL-PCL has more open pores on its surface and that it fractures faster during degradation experiments which exposes the interior enzyme to water. An electrode made from CNFAL-PCL was fabricated and attached to an AL5-PCL support to form a fast-degrading thermal sensor. The resistance was measured over five cycles where the temperature was varied between 15.0–50.0 °C. The sensor was then degraded fully in buffer at 50 °C over a 48 h period.
Antecedents of circular manufacturing and its effect on environmental and financial performance: A practice-based view
(Elsevier, 2023-06) Liu, Yanping; Farooque, Muhammad; Lee, Chang-Hun; Gong, Yu
Despite the worldwide recognition of the Circular Economy (CE) philosophy, its comprehensive adoption in manufacturing is not well understood in literature and practice. This study theorizes circular manufacturing (CM) by extending the cleaner production concept according to the design thinking of CE. Drawing on the practice-based view, it develops a conceptual model on the antecedents and performance outcomes of CM and the moderating role of Industry 4.0 (I4.0) production technologies on CM-to-environmental and financial performance relationships. The research adopts a mixed-methods approach to examine the hypothesized relationships. Survey data from 255 Chinese manufacturers are analyzed using structural equation modeling and hierarchical regression. Two qualitative case studies verify the survey findings and offer additional insights. The findings suggest that by strengthening a CE culture and integrated management systems, firms can improve CM implementation and consequently environmental and financial performance. However, investing in I4.0 production technologies may not enhance the impact. Our research contributes to the literature by conceptualizing and operationalizing CM as a new construct. It also provides guidelines for implementing CE in manufacturing.
Used product acquisition, sorting and disposition for circular supply chains: Literature review and research directions
(Elsevier, 2023-06-01) Gunasekara, Lahiru; Robb, David J.; Zhang, Abraham
The vision of a circular economy (CE) inspires firms, governments, and scholars alike. The transition is underway in both practice and the literature, but success depends on the effective implementation of circular supply chains (CSCs), which encompass acquiring used products, sorting them by type and quality, and deciding which to dispose to various processing options. We review 131 high-impact journal articles on returns acquisition, sorting, and disposition (ASD) over the decade 2012–2021 to assess the current status of ASD research for CSCs and to discuss important research directions for supporting the transition to a CE. Uniquely synthesising the state of the art on all these three overarching decision areas, we find aspects of CSCs prominent in the decade's research agenda, such as closed loop supply chain coordination and ASD for remanufacturing, and highlight growing coverage of behavioural considerations. Research applicability has been constrained by a lack of empirical studies, limited practical validation of mathematical models, a focus on economic objectives, and restrictive modelling assumptions about behaviour and uncertainty in returns. We recommend further research in each part of ASD to facilitate a CSC, and as a whole, for transitioning to a CE. CE concepts such as joint decision-making between product design and returns management, cross-sector collaboration, and product-service systems should inform the agenda for CSC research.
Current and future approaches to shifting businesses towards plastic-free packaging systems based on reduction and reuse
(Cambridge University Press, 2023-08-25) Blumhardt, Hannah
The fate of plastics and packaging are intimately connected; plastics revolutionised the world of packaging, and today, packaging is plastics’ biggest market. However, as awareness of plastics’ negative human and environmental impacts grows, policymakers, civil society and industry are seeking alternatives to plastic packaging as a pathway to reducing plastics production, waste and pollution. The shortcomings of recycling, lightweighting and material substitution strategies has turned attention to source reduction strategies up the waste hierarchy. These strategies transform products, business models and supply chains to prevent packaging altogether or accommodate reusable packaging systems. As these are radical changes from business-as-usual, widespread industry uptake has not been forthcoming. This review highlights three categories of current and potential approaches to incentivising businesses to adopt plastic-free packaging systems based on reduction and reuse: persuasion, legislation and enabling measures. Predominant persuasive approaches based on voluntarism are not delivering desired results under current policy settings and could be more successful if combined with legislative reform to level the economic playing field between single-use and reuse. Additionally, enabling measures that fill practical and infrastructural system-level gaps could help to accelerate and coordinate uptake of effective and efficient unpackaged or reusable packaging systems.
The right to repair
(LexisNexis, 2022-06-01) Zaw, Win Thandar
The right to repair debate has been growing over the past several years around the world, focusing on both consumer protection and environmental concerns. New Zealand’s Government is considering right to repair legislation as part of the review of waste management legislation (The Ministry for the Environment “Taking responsibility for our waste: Proposals for a new waste strategy; Issues and options for new waste legislation” (October 2021)). The right to repair movement has emerged to address challenges faced by consumers regarding repair of purchased products due to lack of spare parts, tools or repair documentation. Right to repair measures enhance the property rights of the consumers over the purchased devices.
The right to repair: How to design new laws
(LexisNexis, 2022-07-01) Zaw, Win Thandar
To complement a recent article in this journal examining the shortcomings of New Zealand law (see Zaw, Win Thandar, 'The right to repair', NZLJ (June 2022), pages 164-168) this article examines what reforms should be undertaken to enable right to repair measures. The aim of this article is to determine how to design a new right to repair law in New Zealand, alongside a discussion of overseas approaches. Ideally, a right to repair law would require manufacturers to provide spare parts, diagnostic information and repair tools. To implement a right to repair law in New Zealand, this article suggests possible amendments to different areas of law such as consumer law, intellectual property laws and the law of contract.
Circular supply chain management: a bibliometric analysis-based literature review
(Emerald, 2023-01-20) Zhang, Abraham; Duong, Linh; Seuring, Stefan; Hartley, Janet L.
Purpose: Supply chain management (SCM) research has contributed to the transition to a circular economy (CE). Still, confusions exist on the related terms, and no review has mapped out the development trends in the domain. This research clarifies the boundaries of the relevant concepts. Then, it conducts a comprehensive review of the circular SCM (CSCM) literature and identifies opportunities for future research. Design/methodology/approach: Using relevant keywords, 1,130 journal articles published in December 31, 2021 were identified. Unlike the published reviews, which mainly relied on content analysis, this review uses bibliometric analysis tools, including citation analysis, co-citation analysis and cluster analysis. The review identifies general trends, influential researchers, high-impact publications, citation patterns and established and emergent research themes. Findings: The extant CSCM literature includes five prominent clusters: (1) reverse channel optimization; (2) CSCM review and empirical studies; (3) closed-loop supply chain (CLSC) and consumers; (4) CLSC and inventory management and (5) CLSC and reverse logistics (RL). Significant research gaps exist in the use of secondary and longitudinal data, a wider range of theories, mixed-methods, multi-method, action research and behavioral experiment. The least researched topics include zero waste, industrial symbiosis, circular product design, sourcing and supply management and reuse. Originality/value: This is the first bibliometric analysis-based literature review on CSCM. It clarifies the interrelated supply chain sustainability terms and thus reduces related confusion. It offers insights into the patterns in the CSCM literature and suggests important research directions.

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