Masters Degree Theses

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Can you trust what a robot says? The influence of robot morphology on trust
(The University of Waikato, 2026) Jones, Ben; Turner, Jessica; Vanderschantz, Nicholas
As social robots are increasingly used for sharing information, it is essential to determine whether people can trust them. Too little trust and people abandon a useful tool; too much and it may cause over-reliance. Morphology is part of communication, a channel that operates in parallel to spoken words, and it can affect perceptions before the interaction has even begun. Human-like appearances are often thought to make a robot more trustworthy, but our review of the literature shows that trust is not determined by embodiment type alone. Features such as resemblance, gaze, and expressive movement act as social heuristics, signalling what a robot is for and what it can do. Because trust arises only where a person is vulnerable and relying on the robot, information-seeking represents a meaningful context for studying trust even when the stakes are low. Within this context, trust is multidimensional, encompassing performance, relational, and moral judgements. Existing research has examined trust in information from websites, search engines, and disembodied agents, and trust in robots performing industrial or collaborative tasks, but little is known about how morphology affects trust when a robot is itself the information source. In this thesis, we address this gap by examining how a robot's physical form shapes the trust people place in it as an information source. Two studies were conducted using the same four devices: a disembodied smart speaker and zoomorphic, mechanomorphic, and humanoid robots. Each robot performed the same information-seeking task, allowing reported and enacted trust to be separated. First, in a survey, 252 participants watched a video of the robots and rated them using the Human-Robot Interaction Evaluation Scale and the Trust Perception Scale-HRI. Under passive observation, morphology had no significant effect on reported trust and only small effects on social perceptions; prior familiarity predicted perceptions instead, and the humanoid did not receive a trust benefit from anthropomorphic attributions. An observational user study then brought the scenario into the real world, where 54 participants chose to approach a robot in person and ask their own questions. Once people sought information themselves, morphology produced large effects, but the dimensions of trust moved in different, sometimes opposing, directions. The humanoid was rated as the most helpful and fit-for-purpose, yet participants were most likely to double-check what it said. The mechanomorphic robot was most relied upon because its form legibly signalled its communicative purpose. This appearance-function fit, rather than human-likeness, determined whether a robot was trusted appropriately. Cuteness and emotion encouraged people to approach, but cuteness alone did not signal credibility, as the zoomorphic robot was cute yet poorly received as an information source. Morphology's effect on trust is thus conditional on engagement, moving the facets of trust independently rather than uniformly. This thesis contributes an early empirical account of how morphology shapes trust in robots as information sources. Our findings indicate that a form that honestly signals what a robot is for, rather than one that is simply human-like, better supports users in calibrating trust. Systematically varying morphological features is a clear next step for tracing these effects to specific design choices.
The impact of self-compassion writing on chronic disease self-efficacy
(The University of Waikato, 2026) Greenway, Maia; Evelo, Andrew J.
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), comprising Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, is a chronic and unpredictable condition associated with substantial psychological burden. Self- efficacy—the belief in one’s ability to manage health-related challenges—is a key predictor of effective chronic disease management, and prior research suggests that self-compassion may provide emotional and cognitive resources that support self-efficacy. The present study examined whether a brief self-compassion writing intervention could increase self-efficacy for managing IBD. Adults with IBD (N = 83) completed a negative IBD-related recall task before being randomly assigned to either the self-compassion writing condition or the control condition. Participants then completed measures of self-compassion and self-efficacy for managing chronic disease. Contrary to our hypotheses, the self-compassion writing task did not significantly increase self-efficacy or self-compassion relative to the control condition, suggesting that the manipulation was insufficient to shift these constructs. However, in line with hypotheses, correlational analyses revealed a moderate positive association between self-compassion and self-efficacy, indicating that individuals who reported greater self-compassion also reported greater confidence in managing their condition. In other words, although a brief, single-session self-compassion writing may not be sufficient to enhance IBD-specific self-efficacy, self- compassion and self-efficacy are meaningfully related in this clinical population. These findings are consistent with theories of chronic disease management and warrant further research into psychological self-management techniques for those with IBD.
On the Fringes: Identity development for taitamāhine Māori in one secondary kura auraki
(The University of Waikato, 2026-09-29) Johnston, Emma; Berryman, Mere; Virtue, Arihia
Despite Aotearoa NZ’s progress in the last 50 years towards enacting Te Tiriti o Waitangi and realising educational success for Māori as Māori, remnants of colonial ideologies remain in educational structures, systems, pedagogies and curriculums. The intergenerational cultural degradation that Māori have experienced through 200 years of racialised and assimilative educational policies are being exacerbated through the current government’s educational reforms. This research shows that educators and schools have the power to and must pushback against the government’s systemic attacks on the mana of Te Tiriti o Waitangi and Māori identity. The strength of this thesis lies in the voices of the participants; the students, their mothers and teachers, which are presented through collaborative stories. Together they illustrate the barriers to positive tribal identity development for taitamāhine Māori as being cultural essentialism, racial micro and macroaggressions, and teachers not taking full agency to address these. The enablers to positive Māori tribal identity are identified as unfettered support and access to te ao and mātauranga Māori, positive peer recognition as Māori, culturally safe and responsive learning environments, and the conscientisation and agentic discursive (re)positioning of teachers to become agents of change. This thesis uses a metaphor of weaving to illustrate how a kākahu or cloak of self-sustaining positive tribal identity for taitamāhine Māori can be nurtured and woven through secondary education. When school leaders and educators power-share with Māori and listen to the voices of whānau, hapū, iwi, and work with Māori institutions and organisations within the framework of Ka Hikitia – Ka Hāpaitia, they can support the tribal identity of taitamāhine Māori to flourish. While this research focusses on experiences in one urban single-sex girl’s secondary kura auraki, the findings have implications for all schools and educators committed to addressing inequity in education.
Blue light as a performance enhancer: Impacts on decision-making, reaction time and agility in field hockey
(The University of Waikato, 2026) Irwin, Emma; Beaven, Martyn
Short-wavelength (blue) light has consistently been shown to enhance alertness and cognitive performance by stimulating intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells that activate arousal-related brain regions. Despite this mechanistic basis, its application as a pre-performance tool in open-skill team sport remains largely underexamined. Field hockey, which places substantial perceptual-cognitive demands on athletes, requiring rapid decision-making, reactive agility, and perceptual-motor integration under time pressure and physical fatigue, therefore, represents a theoretically appropriate context in which to examine whether these effects translate to applied sports performance. Chapter One critically reviews the existing literature on the performance demands of field hockey, the physiological and neurological mechanisms underpinning short-wavelength light exposure, and its established effects on alertness, cognitive performance and physical readiness. The review identifies a clear gap in sport-specific evidence, noting that while laboratory-based research consistently supports blue light as an acute cognitive enhancer, its translation to ecologically valid athletic environments, particularly open-skill team sports requiring rapid perceptual cognitive processing, remains largely underexplored. Chapter Two presents a randomised crossover study investigating the acute effects of blue light exposure on reaction time, reactive agility and change-of-direction performance in eleven competitive field hockey players. Participants were exposed to either short-wavelength blue light (~480nm, 6500K) or a placebo condition for 15 minutes before testing, with performance assessed using a reaction time protocol across four time points, a reactive Y-agility test, and a 505 change-of-direction test, each completed with and without a hockey stick and ball. A small-sided game provided an ecologically valid fatigue stimulus. Blue light had no meaningful effect on change-of-direction performance, consistent with its proposed mechanism of action on cognitively loaded tasks rather than tasks reliant on neuromuscular capacity. Reactive agility improved significantly within the blue light condition in the without-stick conditions (3.04s to 2.89s, p = .027), and reaction time decreased progressively under blue light from baseline through to halftime, associated with a large within-condition effect (d = 0.91) and a moderate between-condition difference at halftime (d = 0.60). A near-significant elevation in pre-small-sided game heart rate was also observed under blue light relative to placebo (128 vs. 117 bpm, p =.051). Chapter Three synthesises these findings within the broader literature, arguing that the convergent pattern across reaction time, reactive agility, and pre-exercise heart rate reflects a coherent picture of cortical arousal difficult to attribute to placebo response alone. Key limitations include sample size, absence of neurophysiological measures, and risks of poorly timed evening use of light on melatonin suppression and sleep. Future research should prioritise adequately powered and sex-stratified replication, dose-response investigations, and neurophysiological outcome measures to directly assess the cortical arousal mechanism. Taken together, this thesis provides preliminary but directionally consistent evidence that blue light exposure can enhance cognitively demanding aspects of field hockey performance, extending a body of evidence largely confined to laboratory settings into a more ecologically valid, sport-specific context and supporting its potential as a simple, accessible pre-performance tool in open-skill team sport.
Self-selected and control cadences: Considerations for calf raise test standardisation and interpretation
(The University of Waikato, 2026) Gutry, Noelle; Hébert-Losier, Kim
Background The calf raise test (CRT) is an endurance test commonly used to assess triceps surae (TS) muscle tendon unit (MTU) function. The CRT usually involves performing repeated unilateral concentric-eccentric plantar-flexor contractions to fatigue, with repetitions the primary outcome measured. The most common CRT cadence is 60 beats per minute (bpm), though varying cadences are used in the literature (e.g., 30 bpm, 40 bpm, 120 bpm, self-selected, as fast as possible). Recent research reported that changing cadences (30 bpm, 60 bpm, 120 bpm) significantly influenced several CRT outcomes, including total vertical displacement (cm), total work (J), peak height (cm), and peak power (W), but not repetitions. There is speculation that 60 bpm may closely reflect a self-selected cadence, which has not yet been explicitly identified in research. Therefore, the main aim of this thesis was to compare cadences maintained during 10 calf raise repetitions (CR10) and the CRT between three conditions: control (60 bpm), self-selected, and as fast as possible. A secondary aim of this thesis was to explore the influence of cadence on CR10 and CRT outcomes. An additional aim was to explore predictors of sex, body mass index (BMI), and physical activity levels (PAL) as potential influences of CR10 and CRT outcomes, with age and calf muscle training examined as additional potential predictors in the CRT. Methods This thesis contains two randomised crossover studies, with repeated measures designs. Study one focused on CR10 and study two on CRT to fatigue. Each experimental study was performed barefoot on the right leg, starting from a foot position of 10° incline (slight dorsiflexion). In study one, 35 healthy participants (16 males, 19 females) aged 19 – 25 years completed the CR10 at three randomised cadence conditions (60 bpm, self-selected, as fast as possible) during a single testing session, 15 minutes apart. In study two, 38 healthy participants (23 males, 15 females) aged 19 – 43 years completed the CRT to fatigue at three randomised cadence conditions (60 bpm, self-selected, as fast as possible) over three testing sessions, seven days apart. For both experimental studies, 60 bpm was the control condition, going up on the toes and back down to the starting position to the beat of a metronome, up in one beat and down in one beat. The self-selected condition required repetitions be performed at a pace that felt most natural and comfortable, whereas the fast condition required repetitions to be performed as fast as possible. The CR10 and CRT outcomes were recorded using the validated Calf Raise application, tracking vertical displacement of a black circular marker beneath the lateral malleolus. Descriptive statistics of CR10 and CRT outcomes were reported as medians with interquartile ranges [25th, 75th]. Mixed-effect linear models were used to analyse log-transformed CR10 and CRT outcomes, with multilevel mixed-effect Poisson models used for CRT repetitions. Stepwise regressions were used to remove non-significant predictors across models. Results In the CR10 experiment, cadence had a significant effect on repetitions per minute, total time, peak power, and displacement variability (P < 0.001), but not total work or vertical displacement (P ≤ 0.337). Median self-selected cadences (75.6 bpm) were 24% faster than 60 bpm, and median as fast as possible cadences (196.8 bpm) were 218% faster than 60 bpm. The fast condition reached the 10 repetitions in less time than self-selected (61%) and 60 bpm (69%), with self-selected completed in 19% less time than 60 bpm. The fast condition exhibited greater displacement variability (53%) and greater peak power (52 – 57%) than the other two conditions, with no significant difference in these outcomes between 60 bpm and self-selected cadence. Self-selected cadence ranges (minimum – maximum) were 48.4 – 129 bpm. Males generated greater peak power and total work than females (P < 0.001), with females exhibiting less displacement variability than males (P < 0.001). As BMI increased, so did peak power and total work (P ≤ 0.013). PAL did not significantly influence CR10 outcomes. In the CRT experiment, cadence had a significant effect on repetitions per minute, vertical displacement, displacement variability, peak power, total time, and total work (P ≤ 0.011), but not repetitions (P = 0.081). Median self-selected cadences (69.8 bpm) were 14% faster than 60 bpm, and median as fast as possible cadences (109.4 bpm) were 94% faster than 60 bpm. Median self-selected cadences produced less peak power (9%), total time (19%), total work (11%), and displacement variability (17%) compared to 60 bpm, with no significant difference for vertical displacement per repetition. Self-selected cadence ranges (minimum – maximum) were 44.6 – 121.4 bpm. Vertical displacement was greatest in the as fast as possible condition, with displacement variability being 29% greater than self-selected cadences. As fast as possible generated 29% greater peak power than 60 bpm and 42% greater peak power than self-selected cadences. Females generated less peak power and exhibited less vertical displacement, yet achieved greater total test times than males (P < 0.001). Individuals with greater BMI completed fewer repetitions and achieved greater peak power (P < 0.001). Age and PAL did not significantly influence CRT outcomes, whereas individuals who trained their calf muscles performed greater repetitions, generated greater peak power, had longer total test times, and completed more total work (P ≤ 0.017) than those who did not. Summary Results from the experimental studies show that varying cadences (60 bpm, self-selected, as fast as possible) influenced most CR10 and CRT outcomes. Additionally, sex, BMI and calf muscle training were identified as significant predictors of certain CR10 and CRT outcomes. Furthermore, results show that median self-selected cadences in the CR10 (75.6 bpm) and CRT (69.8 bpm) are greater than, but close to, the commonly used 60 bpm. However, the range of self-selected cadences in the CR10 and CRT suggest that larger differences in outcomes between conditions may exist at an individual level. Therefore, our findings suggest the continued use of 60 bpm as the test cadence in the CRT to provide standardisation and given its confirmed test-retest reliability until evidence can be provided showing repeatability of self-selected cadences.
Future global wellbeing assessment: Conceptual foundations, governance & artificial intelligence
(The University of Waikato, 2026) MacKinnon, Lewis; Weijers, Dan M.
This thesis examines how global wellbeing assessment might evolve in an increasingly globalised and digital society. It argues that, as wellbeing becomes a more explicit objective of global governance, a challenge arises over how it should be conceptualised and assessed across diverse cultural settings. Part 1 evaluates dominant approaches to wellbeing assessment, tracing the history to several key Western traditions in psychology and philosophy. It includes an argument against a bounded, individualised self being the foundational unit of societal wellbeing, and argues for societal wellbeing to be evaluated beyond the aggregation of self-evaluating individuals. It also explores alternative ontologies of who and what might be capable of experiencing wellbeing, and advocates considering views in which wellbeing exists not only within individual people, but also in the connections between people, in animals, and possibly in the environment more widely. It also argues for the importance of considering a wider range of cross-cultural ontologies in wellbeing assessment frameworks if they are to be used in global contexts, and the risk of ‘wellbeing imperialism’ if culturally biased views are applied globally. Part 2 explores a parallel trend of how technology and artificial intelligence (AI) are changing the way wellbeing is assessed. It explores the use of data from online platforms, large corpus analysis, and the use of sensor and wearable technology to infer aspects of wellbeing, like emotion and mental health. It speculates on how these may advance and be used to understand the wellbeing of society at scale, and may be incorporated into future wellbeing assessment systems in an increasingly digitised world. It evaluates both the promise of such systems and the risks, including privacy loss, bias, and misuse for corporate profits and government control. Technology and AI are presented as raising the stakes on the conceptual and ontological issues in Part 1. Overall, the thesis presents a broad exploration and synthesis of foundational concepts, ontologies, and technologies in assessing wellbeing, and forms connections across diverse disciplines and cultural contexts. Ultimately it aims to contribute to the discussion on the future of global wellbeing assessment frameworks.
Investigating the effects of acute photobiomodulation on submaximal rowing performance and physiological responses in trained female rowers
(The University of Waikato, 2026) Barrell, Amelia; Beaven, Christopher Martyn
It is well established that Red Light Therapy (RLT), or Photobiomodulation (PBM), can enhance mitochondrial function, reduce markers of muscle damage, and improve exercise performance and recovery. As a result, RLT has become an increasingly popular non-invasive intervention within sport and exercise settings. Recent research has shown that pre-exercise application of red and near-infrared light may improve time to exhaustion, reduce fatigue, and enhance recovery in activities such as cycling, running, and resistance exercise. However, there is currently no research examining the effects of RLT on rowing performance, particularly during submaximal exercise in trained female rowers. This thesis is separated into three chapters. Chapter one provides a review of the literature on RLT, beginning with its historical development and underlying physiological mechanisms of action. This review includes a discussion of the interaction between RLT and mitochondrial chromophores, effects on adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production, oxidative stress modulation, and nitric oxide-mediated processes. The chapter further examines the role of RLT in exercise performance and recovery, with particular emphasis on muscle fatigue, endurance capacity, and post-exercise recovery markers. The literature review also critically evaluates the application of RLT across a range of exercise modalities, including resistance exercise, cycling, and running, while highlighting the variability in outcomes reported across studies. Particular attention is given to inconsistencies in methodological approaches, including differences in wavelength, dosage, timing of application (pre- versus post-exercise), and participant characteristics. Chapter One also identifies key gaps in the current literature, notably the limited research in endurance -based, sport-specific contexts and the underrepresentation of female athletes. These gaps provide the rationale for the present study, with a specific focus on rowing as an endurance sport requiring sustained submaximal performance and efficient recovery. Rowing has continuous physiological demands on both the upper and lower body and relies heavily on sustained submaximal power output and efficient recovery between repeated efforts. As a result, Chapter Two investigated the acute effects of PBM on submaximal rowing performance and exercise physiology in trained female athletes. Twelve trained female rowers participated in a placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized crossover design. Each participant completed five laboratory sessions, beginning with a maximal graded exercise test to determine maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and establish individualised workload targets for subsequent submaximal trials. The remaining four sessions involved identical rowing protocols performed following one of four treatment conditions: red light (630 and 660 nm), near infrared (810, 830 and 850 nm), combined red and near-infrared light, or placebo condition. Treatment order was randomised, and participants were blinded to the condition. A minimum of 48 hours recovery was maintained between sessions to minimise potential carryover effects. Primary outcome measures included oxygen uptake (VO2), blood lactate concentration, and blood glucose concentration during progressive submaximal exercise. Secondary measures included respiratory exchange ratio (RER) and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), providing a comprehensive assessment of both physiological and perceptual responses to PBM. Statistical analysis revealed participants completed a greater number of submaximal rowing intervals following the red light (7.25 ± 0.75 intervals; p = 0.046) and infra-red light (7.25 ± 0.45 intervals; p = 0.012) conditions compared with the placebo condition (6.67 ± 0.98 intervals) indicating improved exercise capacity. PBM was also associated with lower blood glucose concentrations during the exercise intensity closest to the lactate threshold in the infra-red condition (p=0.0300; d= 0.58 ±0.51). There were also differences in RER responses between the red light and placebo conditions suggesting alterations in energy utilisation during exercise. However, no significant differences were observed in VO2, blood lactate concentration, or RPE between conditions. These findings suggest that pre-exercise PBM may enhance submaximal rowing performance through alterations in metabolic responses, including utilisation and glucose regulation, while producing only limited changes in broader physiological responses. Chapter Three summarises the findings from Chapter Two, identifies the strengths and limitations for the present study, and provides recommendations for future research. Overall, this thesis identified key gaps within the existing literature on PBM (RLT), particularly in relation to sport-specific endurance performance, female athlete populations and submaximal exercise protocols.
Finite element study on the flexural behaviour and edge-stiffening effect of cold-formed steel C-channel beams with elongated web holes
(The University of Waikato, 2026-09-23) Lei, Junhong; Fang, Zhiyuan (Arthur)
Cold-formed steel (CFS) channel beams are commonly provided with web openings to allow building services to pass through the member. In practice, larger openings are often preferred because they provide more space for services. However, increasing the opening size may reduce the flexural resistance of the beam, especially when elongated web holes are used. This thesis investigates the flexural behaviour of CFS channel beams with elongated web holes under four-point bending. The main aim is to examine whether larger web openings can be introduced while maintaining an acceptable level of moment capacity. The effectiveness of edge stiffening around elongated web holes is also evaluated. A nonlinear elasto-plastic finite element model was developed in Abaqus. The modelling approach was first validated against published experimental and numerical results for CFS channel beams with web holes. After validation, a parametric study including 282 finite element models was carried out. Two section sizes, C240 and C290, were considered. Their no-hole moment capacities were 13.591 kN·m and 20.058 kN·m, respectively. The main parameters included hole radius, elongated-hole aspect ratio, number of holes, clear spacing between adjacent holes, edge stiffening, and lip angle. Three hole radii of 70, 75, and 80 mm were examined. The elongated-hole aspect ratio was varied from 1.25 to 2.00. One-hole, two-hole, and three-hole arrangements were included, with clear spacings of 50 and 100 mm for the multi-hole models. For the edge-stiffened models, the stiffener depth and fillet radius were kept as 13 mm and 4 mm, respectively. The results show that increasing the web opening area generally reduced the moment capacity of the unstiffened-hole beams. For the more severe practical cases, the strength retention ratio decreased to about 0.78–0.85. By contrast, edge stiffening was able to recover a considerable part of the lost strength. The maximum stiffening efficiency obtained in this study was approximately 26.6%. In several edge-stiffened three-hole models, the strength retention ratio remained above 0.85 even when the opening ratio exceeded 12%. The lip-angle study also showed that the flange-lip inclination can affect the flexural response. Among the investigated C290 EH1-HS80-ab15 models, the 60° lip-angle model gave the highest moment capacity. Overall, the results indicate that elongated web holes can be used more efficiently when suitable edge stiffening and geometric configurations are adopted.
Investigation of the geometric effects of corrosion pits on the tensile behaviour of structural steel
(The University of Waikato, 2026) Thu, Kaung Myat; Fang, Zhiyuan (Arthur)
Pitting corrosion removes parts of the structural steel’s cross section in a localised manner, therefore introducing localised stress concentrations which can cause decreased tensile and deformation capacity in a more pronounced effect than uniform cross sectional mass loss. With aging infrastructures using structural steel used in chloride environments, there is a growing need for reliable assessment of corroded steel. Therefore, a methodology that can provide insights with the linkage of measurable corrosion parameter such as mass loss to mechanical response of the corroded steel material can prove to be a clear contribution for corrosion analysis. The methodology should also consider the localised and stochastic nature of pit formations. This thesis develops and applies a reproducible numerical workflow for this purpose and evaluates it against an experimental tensile programme on low-carbon structural steel coupons immersed in a 5% sodium-chloride solution for up to 42 days. Flat dog-bone coupons conforming to ISO 6892-1 were corroded for 0, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 days, cleaned and weighed gravimetrically, and tested in uniaxial tension. The coupons were protection wrapped for the grip and shoulder regions and only the gauge section were exposed to the chloride immersion. Measured average effective mass losses ranged from 1.29% to 2.49%, with a power-law mass-loss-time relationship indicative of a diffusion-controlled process. Finite element analyses were conducted with a stochastic pit-generation algorithm developed in MATLAB which was used to create randomised distributions of flat-bottomed cylindrical pits, with the total pit volume matched to the measured mass loss. The resulting pit fields were then converted into discrete cavities in an Abaqus/Explicit coupon model using a Python script that conducts automated pit insertion through reading the MATLAB pit generation output data. The material model was calibrated once using a representative lab-tested experimental uncorroded Day-0 tensile response and was subsequently kept unchanged, thereby isolating the simulated influence of corrosion to geometrical material loss. This calibrated geometry-isolated workflow was subsequently applied to a numerical mass-loss projection study, extending the corrosion severity beyond the experimental range to 12% gauge-section mass loss. At this higher severity, the ultimate tensile strength showed a more pronounced decrease compared to lower mass-loss levels, while the ductility loss obtained from the FE simulations remained strongly influenced by the pit geometry and spatial distribution of each stochastic realisation. The uncorroded finite-element model reproduced the experimental ultimate tensile strength to within approximately 0.4% and was shown to be mesh-converged and quasi-static through an energy-balance study. Across the corroded cases, the experimental coupons showed no statistically clear monotonic reduction in either ultimate strength or fracture strain at the studied mass-loss levels. It was observed that the corrosion-induced change was smaller than the coupon-to-coupon scatter. On the other hand, geometry-isolated finite-element model, resolved a small reduction in ultimate strength (of order 2% over the exposure range) and a substantially larger reduction in fracture strain and toughness (of order 7-14%). This suggests that ductility is the corrosion-sensitive quantity and that strain localisation at pits are key factors of the loss of deformation capacity. Based on these findings, simple normalised predictive relationships are proposed in which the residual strength, fracture-strain and toughness factors decrease approximately linearly with mass loss, the ductility coefficient being about an order of magnitude larger than the strength coefficient. These relationships come with limitations which are discussed in the later section. The principal contribution of the thesis is a single, seed-controlled, mass-loss-verified workflow combining stochastic pit generation, idealised-pit finite-element realisation and quasi-static tensile simulation, together with a quantified experimental demonstration which shows that at low-to-moderate mass loss, the geometric effect of pitting on steel coupons is concentrated in ductility rather than strength. The cylindrical pit idealisation, the fixed material card and the coupon scale are acknowledged as part of the limitations of this study.
Disability education in Aotearoa New Zealand university sport and exercise-related programmes: Curriculum positioning, scarcity and graduate pathway reliability
(The University of Waikato, 2026) Hynard, Michael; Townsend, Robert C.
This thesis examines how disability education is incorporated within sport- and exerciserelated programmes across Aotearoa New Zealand universities, and what curriculum and institutional mechanisms contribute to its scarcity. Disability education is understood as a pathway for developing graduates’ disability-informed knowledge, skills, dispositions, and judgement, instead of a single topic, awareness activity, or optional area of interest. Using an interpretivist qualitative design, semi-structured interviews were conducted with nine educators and curriculum leaders from seven of the eight New Zealand universities offering relevant programmes. Participants discussed curriculum positioning, learning outcomes, assessment, staffing, partnerships, authentic learning opportunities, and the programme-level conditions that shape disability-related provision. Data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis, supported by a cross-case comparison and curriculum-theory lens attentive to the intended, enacted, and experienced curriculum, hidden-curriculum signals, ableism, and institutional conditions. The findings indicate that disability education involves more than whether it is present or absent. Across the programme contexts described by participants, disability education was often implicit, episodic, weakly specified, optional, or folded into broader inclusion and equity language. Disability-related learning was evident in dedicated papers, threaded or infused content, guest teaching, placements, community engagement, and individual staff initiatives. Still, these forms did not always create a reliable pathway for all students. Scarcity was produced through several interacting mechanisms: weak curriculum visibility; reliance on individual champions and uneven staff expertise; limited professional development; curriculum crowding, governance, and viability pressures; and uneven access to authentic learning, which depended on staff-held partnerships and community capacity. These conditions meant that disability education could be valued in principle while remaining fragile in practice. The thesis argues that scarcity is best understood as reduced pathway reliability. Strengthening disability education does not require one uniform model across institutions, but the findings suggest that programmes are needed to make disability capability more visible, coordinated, assessed, and sustainable. The study does not assess students’ competence or directly represent disabled students’ experiences. Its contribution lies in providing an educator-informed account of how disability education is positioned within New Zealand tertiary sport- and exercise-related programmes, and in offering curriculumfocused language for future programme review, development, and research.
Effect of foam density on the imperfection sensitivity of aluminium foam sandwich panels under in-plane compression
(The University of Waikato, 2026) Mohan, Devika; Fang, Zhiyuan (Arthur)
Aluminium foam sandwich panels are attractive lightweight structural components because they offer a good combination of low mass, stiffness, strength, and energy absorption. However, their in-plane compressive behaviour is still not fully understood, especially when the foam relative density and out-of-plane geometric imperfections are considered together. This study investigates how variations in the combinations of foam relative density and out-of-plane geometric imperfections influence the in-plane compressive response of these panels, with emphasis on strength, collapse mode, and post-buckling behaviour. These findings improve the understanding of the compressive performance and support more reliable use of these panels in lightweight structural applications. Parametric studies were conducted to examine the in-plane compressive response of 200 aluminium foam sandwich panels with varying relative density and initial imperfection. For certain combinations, mode interaction was enhanced, producing a temporary increase in load carrying capacity. The resulting imperfection-dependent interaction windows do not vary monotonically with either parameter but instead reflect a balance between foam-core stiffness, and imperfection sensitivity. A sensitivity study also showed that plate modulus also has a role in the formation and extend of such mode interaction windows. To support design decisions, a multi-objective performance framework was developed using imperfection tolerance, deformation mode stability, energy absorption, and mass efficiency. In addition, as a practical aid to similar panel configurations, a FE based predictive equation was developed to predict the normalized peak load in the higher imperfection regime.
Volcanic geology and geomorphology of the kaimai rhyolite dome complex, Tauranga volcanic centre, New Zealand
(The University of Waikato, 2026) Clark, Morgan; Pittari, Adrian
The Kaimai Rhyolite Dome Complex (KRDC) is an extinct rhyolite dome complex on the Waikato-Bay of Plenty border which forms a prominent feature at the southern end of the Kaimai Range. Published ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar and U-Pb zircon ages place dome emplacement between approximately 2.87 and 2.2 Ma, placing the KRDC within the Tauranga Volcanic Centre (TgVC) spatially, temporally, and within the transitionary phase of subduction-related volcanism within the North Island from the Coromandel Volcanic Zone to the Taupo Volcanic Zone. It is contemporaneous with the Alexandra Volcanic Group and Okete Volcanics of the western North Island, the wider Minden Rhyolite Subgroup of the TgVC, and predates the ~2.1 Ma Waiteariki Supereruption of the Omanawa Caldera. Despite its prominence on the Tauranga skyline and regional significance the KRDC has never been the primary subject of a dedicated study. This study applies modern volcanological techniques to define the complex and its place within the TgVC, incorporating field mapping, LiDAR-derived geomorphological analysis, petrography, SEM-EDS, XRD, whole-rock major and trace element geochemical analysis (XRF and LA-ICP-MS), and zircon saturation thermometry. The KRDC is recognised in this study for the first time and its six discrete dome centres, Te Weraiti, Kaimai, Kakahu, Hiwiroa, the Eastern Dome, and the Southeastern Dome, all previously mapped as Minden Rhyolite Group on Rotorua QMAP with undefined internal unit contacts and margins. Hiwiroa, the Eastern Dome, and the Southeastern Dome are recognised for the first time on the basis of geomorphology and morphometric analysis. The complex forms a coalesced composite dome ridge spanning 25.8 km along a N-S corridor with a total post erosional volume of 5.67 km3. Field and geomorphological evidence confirm that dome emplacement predates the Waiteariki supereruption. A three-tier framework was developed describing the structural control on emplacement of the dome centres derived from elongation ratios and spatial context, fault-controlled fissure emplacement (Te Weraiti, Kakahu; ER 2.81–3.16), intermediate point-source emplacement within a fault corridor (Kaimai; ER 1.44), and minimal direct fault control (Hiwiroa, Eastern, Southeastern; ER 1.47–1.85). The bimodal distribution of elongation ratios indicating two distinct emplacement modes of both fissure derived and point source rather than a continuous spectrum. Phenocryst assemblages at Te Weraiti and Kaimai are plagioclase + quartz ± biotite ± sanidine ± pyroxene. The KRDC lavas are hornblende absent distinguishing it from the hornblende bearing Waiteariki Ignimbrite. Devitrification groundmass textures are pervasive across all KRDC lavas displaying large spherulites of cristobalite + sanidine, an assemblage consistent across CVZ–TgVC Minden Rhyolites from ~7.8 Ma (Hahei) to ~2.2 Ma (KRDC). KRDC lavas are high-silica 74–78 wt.% SiO₂ high-K calc-alkaline to shoshonitic, peraluminous rhyolites that underwent plagioclase-dominated fractionation. Single-stage fractional crystallisation modelling could not produce these lavas from either Waiteariki Ignimbrite or the potential parental basaltic-andesite basement, requiring assimilation-fractional crystallisation. Zircon saturation thermometry produces mean KRDC melt temperatures ~40 °C cooler than the comparable Mount Misery rhyolite series within the TgVC, indicating the KRDC lavas represent a cooler, more evolved magma batch through a similar petrogenetic process but from a separate plumbing system.
The appearance of free will in artificial intelligence: How human decision-making is influenced
(The University of Waikato, 2026) Stewart, Annabelle; Perszyk, Ken; Agar, Nick
This thesis examines how artificial intelligence (AI), in particular large language models (LLMs), influences human deliberation and the experience of free will (FW). While much of the existing literature focuses on whether AI systems genuinely possess FW or consciousness, this thesis shifts the focus to how the appearance of these affects human decision-making. It is argued that LLM AI systems show an appearance of FW (AFW) and an appearance of consciousness (AC) through observable behaviours. This appearance is enough to influence human deliberation, even when users may not believe that AI systems have genuine FW or consciousness. While AI systems do not remove alternative possibilities (APs) or take away human control, they do reshape how options are perceived and evaluated, which narrows the phenomenological experience of freedom. This influence often operates below conscious awareness, affecting reasoning processes without coercion. Traditional views of FW and moral responsibility that focus on the ability to do otherwise do not adequately account for external influence on deliberation from AI systems. The thesis concludes that responsibility and accountability should remain with humans, as AI systems function as a tool rather than morally responsible entity. However, the increasing use of AI in everyday decision-making suggests the need to reconsider how influence, human cognition, responsibility, and accountability interact in an AI-mediated environment.
De-Sisters: Understanding women’s desistance from crime in Aotearoa
(The University of Waikato, 2026) Stevens, Shannon; Curtis, Cate; Curtis, Bruce
Desistance from crime is increasingly understood as a developmental and relational process embedded within social environments. Efforts to establish a life beyond crime are frequently complicated by cumulative disadvantages, including unresolved trauma, fractured or harmful relationships, economic precarity, and enduring experiences of systemic exclusion. Despite growing scholarly interest in desistance, women’s lived experiences of navigating change remain marginal within the literature, with limited empirical attention given to the specific social, cultural, and structural contexts shaping desistance in Aotearoa New Zealand. Across the narratives of twelve women once caught in cycles of recidivism, this study offers new insight into the factors which support and obstruct lives beyond crime. Desistance is revealed as a process of self-discovery, healing and relational connection. The study maps the psychological and relational terrain of change, exposing an uneven landscape produced by minimal access to therapeutic intervention and limited cultural integration. Under these conditions, efforts to reconstruct identity were further complicated by the persistent digital trace of conviction, amplifying both private and public forms of stigma. Women leaving prison are often unprepared and underdeveloped, desisting within hazardous reintegration environments. Desistance advanced when agency was restored, highlighting the need for coordinated systemic reform to strengthen human, social, and recovery capital, modernise correctional provisions, and formalise post-release advocacy.
Amara
(The University of Waikato, 2026) Bojesen-Trepka, Guy Holton; Chidgey, Catherine; Slaughter, Tracey
Amara is a satirical reimagining of the Jesus story told from a God's-eye perspective. It lightly probes the myth of the virgin birth, miracles, Christianity’s departure from the teachings of Jesus, the notion of an omnipotent God, and what might happen if a Gen Z Messiah arrived in the age of DNA testing and rolling news. In an Australian relocation of the biblical Annunciation, Mary, soon to marry Joseph, becomes pregnant while claiming to be a virgin. Joseph tries to identify the father by collecting genetic samples from neighbours in the same apartment block. When this proves unsuccessful, and after being threatened by an antagonistic angel, Joseph abandons his search and accepts a bizarre alternative explanation: that Mary conceived while sunning her perineum on their balcony. Amara is born in a barn on 1 January 2000. Three girls, children of refugees, turn up with gifts after dreaming of her birth and become part of the family. A Catholic priest and a dogmatic parishioner become aware of a possible incarnation. While Joe is receptive to the priest's interest, Mary rebuffs his attempts to become involved, determined to protect Amara and give her a normal life. Joe and Mary have a second child, Joshua, and life is mostly suburban normal. As she grows, Amara reveals herself to be an extraordinary child, with an unusually close relationship with God. When Amara is ten, she disarms a knife-wielding man with a history of mental illness – an act that inexplicably restores his sanity. A journalist is assigned the story, and her investigation uncovers possible earlier miracles. The ensuing media interest prompts the return of the priest, parishioner and angel and makes normal life impossible for the family. A Catholic bishop sees an opportunity to deflect public attention from the growing scandal of institutional child abuse and offers sanctuary to the family at a retreat in the countryside. The submitted manuscript represents the first stage of a larger narrative following Amara from birth into adulthood.
Understanding regional differences in extreme heat vulnerability in Aotearoa New Zealand: Demographic sensitivity, social vulnerability, and climate justice
(The University of Waikato, 2026-09-11) McLean-House, Cassidy; Jarallah, Yara; Whitehead, Jesse
Extreme heat is an emerging climatic and population health risk in Aotearoa New Zealand, yet its demographic and spatial dimensions remain poorly understood. While international evidence demonstrates clear associations between heatwaves and excess mortality, hospitalisations, and social disruption, limited research has examined how extreme heat intersects with demographic sensitivity and social vulnerability in New Zealand’s temperate climate. This thesis addresses that gap by providing the first national, spatially explicit assessment of extreme heat vulnerability in New Zealand, framed through the lenses of climate justice and intergenerational equity. The study adopts a quantitative, cross-sectional design integrating daily maximum temperature observations from thirty representative climate stations (2009/10–2018/19 summers) with 2023 Census demographic data and the New Zealand Deprivation Index (NZDep2023) at Statistical Area 2 (SA2) level. Extreme heat is defined using station-specific 95th percentile thresholds, reflecting relative local acclimatisation. For each station, the mean number of summer days exceeding this threshold was calculated and spatially assigned to SA2s using a nearest-station approach in QGIS. Demographic sensitivity was operationalised through age structure, focusing on children (0–14 years) and older adults (65+ years), while social vulnerability was captured using ethnic composition and area-level, socioeconomic deprivation. Results demonstrate substantial regional and interannual variability in extreme heat exposure. Warmer eastern and inland regions record higher temperature thresholds, yet relative exceedance days are not confined to traditionally hot areas, underscoring the importance of percentile-based measures in temperate climates. Exposure increased markedly in later summers, particularly in the summer of 2018/19, indicating a national upward shift in extreme heat frequency. Demographically, vulnerability is unevenly distributed. Older populations are concentrated in several South Island and coastal regions, while Māori and Pacific communities, characterised by younger age structures, are concentrated in specific North Island regions and urban areas. Overlay analysis reveals distinct spatial clusters where elevated heat exposure coincides with high proportions of either older adults or children, often alongside higher socioeconomic deprivation. By embedding these findings within climate justice and intergenerational equity frameworks, the thesis demonstrates that extreme heat is not only a climatic hazard but also an issue of equity. Communities least responsible for climate change may face disproportionate exposure due to structural inequities. Simultaneously, children represent a cohort with both heightened physiological sensitivity and greater lifetime exposure under continued warming. This research contributes to knowledge by integrating climatological, demographic, and socioeconomic deprivation data into a unified national vulnerability assessment for New Zealand. It provides a policy-relevant evidence base to inform heat-health planning, housing standards, urban design, and equitable adaptation strategies. More broadly, it demonstrates the importance of embedding justice-oriented frameworks into climate and population health research to ensure adaptation responses reduce, rather than reproduce, existing inequities.
A multi-objective decision-support framework for early-stage cost–carbon–process-hour screening of prefabricated cold-formed steel residential framing in New Zealand
(The University of Waikato, 2026) Ramani, Kevin; Lim, James Boon Piang
Early-stage configuration decisions in prefabricated cold-formed steel (CFS) residential framing can influence process cost, A1–A5 embodied carbon, and construction process-hours before detailed structural verification, procurement, and construction planning are complete. In the New Zealand residential construction context, these decisions are important because panel rationalisation, truss rationalisation, opening/detailing complexity, and prefabrication level affect how work is distributed across factory production, transport, logistics, and site installation. As a result, single-objective assessment is insufficient for comparing alternative framing configurations. This thesis develops a multi-objective decision-support framework for early-stage cost–carbon–process-hour screening of prefabricated CFS residential framing in New Zealand. A project-derived residential framing package is represented using the decision vector 𝐱=[𝑅𝑝,𝑅𝑡,𝑂𝐶,𝑃𝑓], where 𝑅𝑝 and 𝑅𝑡 represent panel and truss rationalisation intensity, 𝑂𝐶 represents opening/detailing complexity, and 𝑃𝑓 represents prefabrication level. Three objectives are minimised simultaneously: CFS framing process cost, A1–A5 embodied carbon, and CFS framing process-hours. A model-calculated S2 reference configuration is used for normalisation, comparison, and robustness assessment. An LHS-initialised NSGA-II optimisation procedure was used to generate nondominated cost–carbon–process-hour alternatives within the fixed case-study boundary. The reported optimisation run produced 8,302 feasible nondominated configurations without hard constraint violations, of which 2,695 achieved simultaneous reductions in predicted process cost, embodied carbon, and process-hours relative to S2. The remaining nondominated configurations are interpreted as trade-off alternatives rather than universal improvements over the reference case. Model credibility was assessed through S2 reasonableness checking, coefficient-audit traceability, convergence diagnostics, sensitivity analysis, constraint testing, multi-seed stability checking, and Monte Carlo robustness assessment. The results indicate that improved performance is achieved through coordinated rationalisation, detailing simplification, and prefabrication control rather than by maximising any single variable independently. The contribution of this thesis is an applied-methodological decision-support workflow for screening prefabricated CFS residential framing configurations before detailed structural design, contractor pricing, life-cycle assessment, and construction scheduling.
Testing the correspondence between self-reported and actual culturally valued behaviours in Māori students across Māori and non-Māori environments
(University of Waikato, 2026) Shadrock, Mariah-Paige; Fox, Ririwai
Applied Behaviour Analysis (ABA) views culture as a network of interrelated behaviours maintained by social reinforcement within a shared verbal community (Baer et al., 2005; Bishop et al., 2009; Skinner, 1957). Within this framework, culturally valued behaviours (CVBs) for Māori—such as helping and contributing to the collective—are shaped and sustained through social consequences that reflect shared cultural practices (Baum, 2005; Bishop et al., 2009; Skinner, 1957). Despite their importance, these behaviours are rarely observed directly; researchers often rely on self-report measures, which represent a form of verbal behaviour available only to the speaker (Nisbett & Wilson, 1977; Skinner, 1957). Studies indicate that self-reported behaviours and observable actions often correlate only modestly (Baumeister et al., 2007; Dang et al., 2020), suggesting that verbal endorsements of values or intentions may not reliably predict actual behaviour. The Māori Cultural Embeddedness Scale (MaCES; Durie, 2001; Fox et al., 2023; Mead, 2003) was developed to assess engagement with Māori cultural values and practices. However, it remains unclear whether Māori individuals’ self-reported behaviours, as measured by the MaCES, reflect their actual behaviour (Durie, 2001; Fox et al., 2023; Mead, 2003). From an ABA perspective, correspondence between reported and observed behaviours must be demonstrated empirically rather than assumed (Cooper et al., 2020; Michael, 1982; Skinner, 1953). Guided by both ABA and Kaupapa Māori principles (Bishop, 1996; Bishop & Berryman, 2006, 2009; Smith, 1999), the present study addressed this gap by examining the alignment between Māori students’ self-reported and directly observed helping behaviour in Māori and non-Māori environments. Self-reported CVB was assessed using the Culturally Valued Behaviour Scale (CVB), a Māori cultural values and practices survey. One item (Q12) was drawn from the MaCES and was explicitly related to helping and used to analyse culturally valued helping behaviour (Durie, 2001; Fox et al., 2023). Twenty-three Māori students participated and were randomly assigned to either Te Kohinga Mārama Marae or a standard university psychology laboratory. Participants set up the room, completed the CVB (during which the observer intentionally dropped papers), and then packed up, while helping behaviours were recorded. Spearman’s rho assessed the correspondence between self-reported and observed helping within each context (Field, 2018). An independent t-test examined differences by environment and sex, while ANOVA assessed differences across age groups (Cohen, 1992). Results showed no significant correspondence between self-reported helping (Q12) and observed helping in either setting. Helping frequency remained consistently high across both environments, with no significant differences by environment, sex, or age. The CVB demonstrated acceptable internal consistency (α = .743), although item-level analyses suggested that behaviours clustered rather than showing uniform endorsement (Fox et al., 2023). Qualitative responses indicated that participants’ helping was motivated by intrinsic prosocial values rather than direct demands or perceived obligation (Baum, 2005; Biglan & Glenn, 2013). Overall, the findings suggest limited “say-do” correspondence for culturally valued behaviour in this sample (Baer et al., 1968; Nisbett & Wilson, 1977). Verbal endorsements of helping appeared to be governed by different contingencies than overt behaviour. Contrary to expectations, the Māori environment did not increase helping frequency or strengthen correspondence relative to the non-Māori setting. These results contribute to Māori-centred behavioural research by highlighting the complexity of measuring culturally valued behaviours and emphasizing the value of multimethod approaches that combine Kaupapa Māori perspectives with direct behavioural observation (Bishop et al., 2009; Smith, 1999). Future research should explore additional culturally grounded behaviours, expand opportunities for helping, examine how environmental contingencies within Māori settings may more strongly evoke or differentiate culturally valued actions, and investigate the difference between manded versus naturalistic behaviours to better understand how culturally valued actions are expressed across contexts (Cooper et al., 2020; Michael, 1993).
Simulate your senses: Exploring the impact of sensory-focused episodic future simulation on subsequent memory in younger and older adults
(The University of Waikato, 2026) Wild, Mia J.; Devitt, Aleea
Episodic future simulation allows people to plan and prepare for the future. Previous research has shown that positive episodic future simulation can bias subsequent memory for positive details in overlapping narratives in younger adults, but not older adults. Therefore, questions remain regarding whether this simulation-related memory bias extends beyond emotional information to other core features of episodic events, such as sensory detail, and whether age-related reductions in this bias reflect a broader reduction in the influence of future simulation on later memory, or the emotional content used in previous studies. The present study examined whether sensory-focused episodic future simulation influences response bias for sensory details in later overlapping narratives, and whether this effect differs between younger and older adults. Younger and older adults imagined future events with a focus on sensory information, before later reading overlapping narratives describing how those events occurred. Recognition memory was then tested for sensory and emotion/thought narrative details. Sensory-focused simulation did not produce a more liberal response bias for sensory details in either younger or older adults. Instead, younger adults were more conservative overall, whereas older adults were more liberal overall, regardless of simulation condition or detail type. Our findings suggest that simulation-related memory bias may not generalise straightforwardly from emotional to sensory information. More broadly, the present study provides novel insight into the cognitive consequences of episodic future simulation by identifying a possible boundary condition on its influence over later memory, while also broadening understanding of how age-related changes in future simulation may interfere with the way imagined events shape later cognition.
Exploring perceptions of inclusivity through gender-inclusive language in university settings: A qualitative study among academic staff and gender-diverse students
(The University of Waikato, 2026) Bhaskar, Nivedha; Schmidt, Johanna M.
Gender-inclusive language has increasingly been recognised as a key dimension of equity and inclusion in higher education. However, limited research has explored how such language is understood, experienced, and enacted within everyday university teaching contexts, particularly from the perspectives of both academic staff and gender-diverse students. Guided by Gender Minority Stress Theory (GMST), this qualitative study examines how gender-inclusive language shapes experiences of safety, belonging, and participation in a university setting in Aotearoa New Zealand. Data were generated through semi-structured interviews with academic staff, and focus groups and individual interviews with gender-diverse students at the University of Waikato. Reflexive thematic analysis was employed to explore participants’ perceptions and practices related to gender-inclusive language in teaching and institutional contexts. The findings suggest that while many staff members express commitment to inclusive language, its implementation is uneven and often constrained by institutional structures and pedagogical norms. Gender-diverse students’ accounts highlight both affirming experiences and ongoing instances of misrecognition and minority stress, illustrating the gap between institutional intentions and lived realities. Through the lens of GMST, the study demonstrates that gender-inclusive language functions as both a protective factor and a potential stressor. By bringing student and staff perspectives into dialogue, the research underscores the need for inclusion to be understood not merely as individual practice but as a collective and institutionally supported responsibility. The study foregrounds language as a critical site of inclusion and exclusion and offers practical recommendations for teaching practice and institutional policy, suggesting that sustainable inclusion requires structurally embedded approaches that move beyond symbolic commitments towards transformative change in university cultures and practices.

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