Arts and Social Sciences Papers

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://researchcommons.waikato.ac.nz/handle/10289/2

This collection houses research from Te Kura Toi School of Arts, Te Kura Whatu Oho Mauri School of Psychology, and Te Kura Aronui School of Social Sciences at the University of Waikato.

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AI companions: Assessing future risks and benefits to well-being
(Routledge, 2026-09-18) Weijers, Dan M.; Munn, Nicholas; Dennis, Matthew J; Königs, Peter
In the last decade, millions of people have used artificially intelligent (AI) social chatbots that are specifically designed to be a companion (Weijers & Munn, 2024a). Many of these users even consider an AI companion to be their best friend or romantic partner (Weijers & Munn, 2022; Xie et al., 2023). With loneliness soaring (Maese, 2023) and many AI chatbots being free to use, it may soon be the case that a billion people consider an AI to be their friend. Given the importance of friendship for well-being, this chapter draws on theoretical and empirical literature to highlight the likely impacts of AI companions on human well-being. In doing so, we engage in digital well-being research, which includes among its aims the investigation of the impact of digital technologies on what makes humans’ lives go well for them (Burr et al., 2020; Dennis, 2021).
Psychological distress in Aotearoa New Zealand adults with type 1 diabetes
(Sage, 2025) McClintock, Joanna Marie; Chepulis, Lynne Merran; Blackmore, Tania Louise; Fraser, Sonya; Paul, Ryan G.
The psychological burden of type 1 diabetes (T1D) can negatively impact health outcomes. This study evaluates the prevalence of low mood (WHO-5), disordered eating (DEPS-R), diabetes distress (PAID) and fear of hypoglycaemia (HFS-II), in a sample of 250 New Zealand adults (8.4% Māori/91.6% non-Māori; 43.6% female/56.4% male) with T1D using validated tools. Māori and female patients indicated low mood, with lower median WHO-5 scores than non-Māori (p = 0.027) and males (p = 0.002). Māori were more likely to score in the clinical range on the WHO-5, DEPS-R, PAID and HFS-II (all p < 0.05). HbA1c was correlated with emotional well-being (rs = −0.189), diabetes distress (rs = 0.223) and disordered eating (rs = 0.389; all p < 0.001) whilst DEPS-R correlated with age (rs = −0.232) and BMI (rs = 0.343; both p ≤ 0.001). Thus, diabetes-related psychological distress is common in New Zealand adults with T1D, particularly for Māori, females and those with elevated HbA1c levels.
Captive friends: What kind of autonomy is required for friendship?
(2025-12-02) Weijers, Dan M.
Review of Matthew Lindauer, The Fruitfulness of Normative Concepts (Oxford UP, 2025)
(Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews, 2026) Ulatowski, Joseph W.
Decision-making for wāhine Māori facing breast cancer surgery: A qualitative study
(Taylor & Francis, 2025) Burrett, Vanessa; Blackmore, Tania Louise; Norman, Kimberley; Turanga, Karen; Scarlet, Jenni; Campbell, Ian; Lawrenson, Ross
Wāhine Māori (women/females) are disproportionally affected by breast cancer in Aotearoa New Zealand. Following a breast cancer diagnosis, wāhine must make important surgical decisions while navigating a Westernised health system that can be dismissive of Māori views of health and tikanga (customary practices). We investigated the decision-making process of wāhine who had undergone surgery for breast cancer within the preceding 12 months. Fifteen wāhine shared their perspectives on surgery, shared decision-making and information provided prior to surgery. Thematic analysis revealed that fear was a primary influence on decision -making, but this emotion could be mitigated by a good quality patient-clinician relationship fostered by the shared decision-making process. In particular, whakawhanaungatanga (establishing connection and relationships) was an essential basis for shared decision-making. Shared decision-making, in turn, enabled tino rangatiratanga (self-determination) and provided support during the difficult decision-making period. Multi-modal presentation of medical information, with inclusion of Te Reo Māori is relevant to many wāhine and could offer more equitable access to diagnostic information. These findings raise awareness of the importance of recognising tikanga, in particular, whakawhanaungatanga for wāhine Māori diagnosed with breast cancer.
Why does New Zealand have such poor outcomes from colorectal cancer?: The importance of the pre-diagnostic period
(CSIRO, 2021-03-31) Firth, Melissa; Blackmore, Tania; Chepulis, Lynne; Keenan, Rawiri; Stokes, Tim; Elwood, Mark; Weller, David; Emery, Jon; Lawrenson, Ross
INTRODUCTION: Over 3000 cases of colorectal cancer (CRC) are diagnosed annually in New Zealand. The proportion of late stage diagnoses is higher than in similar countries, and highest in Māori and Pacific patients. Survival outcomes are poorer than for people in Australia and poor for Māori and Pacific peoples. A regional screening programme is not yet available to the entire target population (60-74 years). AIM: This study reviews research investigating the pre-diagnostic pathway for CRC in New Zealand and how this may contribute to poorer outcomes. METHODS: This was a scoping review of original articles examining the pre-diagnostic period for CRC published on the PubMed database between 2009 and 2019. Findings were interpreted within the Model of Pathways to Treatment framework and in context of international evidence. RESULTS: In total, 83 publications were assessed; eight studies were included. Studies were mainly older than 5 years, qualitative, and focused on screening. Facilitatory factors for the appraisal and help-seeking intervals increased CRC public awareness and the critical role of general practitioners. No specific facilitatory or inhibitory factors were identified for the diagnostic interval, but two studies found that time frames did not meet national and international targets. One study discovered longer pre-diagnostic intervals were associated with younger age at diagnosis. DISCUSSION: Limited recent research has investigated the CRC pre-diagnostic pathways in NZ. Identification of facilitatory and inhibitory factors and implementation of appropriate strategies to improve them alongside the wider uptake of the screening programme may improve stage at diagnosis and outcomes for New Zealand CRC patients.
Do digital immortals dream of offline afterlives?
(Springer, 2025-10-16) Ulatowski, Joseph W.
The aim of this paper is to argue that it is not possible for a person to live an indefinitely long life as a digital immortal. To argue for this, I show that there is an insurmountable problem from the digital immortal’s perspective. If the digital immortal is an exact replica of a mortal, then the entirety of the digital mind will be directed toward offline content, e.g., from big events like birthday parties, weddings, and the birth of one’s children to the more mundane such as what the embodied mortal had for breakfast on 22 June 1987. The possibility of digital immortals living a person’s life indefinitely means that the digital immortal is able to conceive of and understand the content of the mortal’s embodied mind. To conceive of and to understand the content of a mortal’s embodied mind the digital immortal must know what it is like to be an embodied mortal. However, the digital immortal cannot conceive of what it is like to be an embodied mortal because the experience would be so transformative that it would be irrational to consider it (cf. (Paul in Transformative Experience. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2014)) and because it would have to conceive of its own offline afterlife, which is something well beyond its capacity. Just as we cannot conceive what it’s like to be immortal because of its highly transformative experience (cf. (Ulatowski in Diametros: Online J. Philos. 16(62), 65–77, 2019), digital immortals would be similarly perplexed by an offline afterlife. Our digital döppelganger would have no way of knowing what meaty embodied lives are like. The pollyannaish view of living forever as a digital döppelganger gives rise to the realisation that our functionally equivalent digital replica would be filled by memories, experiences, and other content of which it cannot possibly conceive.
On Russell's so-called truth primitivism
(University of Waikato, 2026-07-07) Ulatowski, Joseph W.
According to Truth Primitivism, truth is an unanalysable concept or property. Proponents of the view, especially Jamin Asay, have argued that the GE Moore and Bertrand Russell were early adopters of primitivism until they both abandoned the view in favour of the correspondence theory because neither one of them were able to reconcile how a proposition as a state of affairs could be false if truth is a primitive and unanalysable. In this paper, my focus will be Russell, and I will challenge the view that early Russell was a primitivist about truth; instead, once we have a clearer appreciation of how he understood propositions and the connection between truth and fact, it becomes clear that even early Russell was a correspondence theorist—albeit a special, unique form of correspondence not otherwise in the literature then or now.
Outputs first: Rethinking bullshit in large language models
(University of Waikato, 2026) Wyatt, Jeremy
A fast-moving debate has emerged over whether LLMs are bullshitters in any significant sense. This talk develops an account of LLM bullshit that, in contrast to the most influential existing accounts, is entirely output-based. I begin with an overview of the best-known treatment of LLM bullshit, due to Hicks, Humphries, and Slater, along with some of the main critical reactions to their views. One response, from Gunkel and Coghlan, argues that Hicks et al.’s process-based account should be replaced by an output-based one. I take this response to be compelling, though it is notable that Gunkel and Coghlan do not attempt to develop a detailed output-based account. To fill this gap, I review Florian Cova’s recent output-based account of bullshit, explain how it can be streamlined, and show how it can be applied to LLMs. The main upshots are: (i) some but not all LLM outputs are bullshit; (ii) LLMs engage in the activity of bullshitting sometimes but not always; and (iii) LLMs are bullshitters in only a rather weak sense.
The elusiveness of concordance: Political inquiry and the nature of political truth
(2026-07-11) Wyatt, Jeremy
In recent work, Lynch argues that the truth of political propositions is determined by whether those propositions have a property called ‘concordance.’ I will aim to show that one cannot determine whether a political proposition is concordant by determining whether it satisfies the individually necessary and jointly sufficient conditions for concordance. As a result, considering which political propositions are concordant is entirely unhelpful for someone trying to determine which political propositions are true. In this sense, concordance is epistemically idle in the context of political inquiry, which indicates that Lynch’s account of political truth isn’t especially helpful. To close, I will briefly detail a potential way forward that trades on some familiar deflationary ideas about truth.
The campus as canvas: Behind the paint
(University of Waikato, 2026) White, Iain; McLaren, Sasha
‘The Campus as Canvas’ explores the legacy of temporary murals across the University of Waikato’s Hamilton campus through artist stories, archival material, video, and live mural-making. Featuring past Boon on Campus artists, the exhibition uncovers the stories, creative processes, and lived experiences that lie beneath the surface of some of the University's most recognisable murals. The exhibition explores six murals created for the Hamilton campus, offering insight into the stories behind these much-loved works. Behind-the-scenes photographs, video, and artist reflections sit alongside striking large-scale images of each completed mural, revealing the ideas, inspirations, processes, and people behind these vibrant public artworks. A major feature of the exhibition is a live mural created by Pounamu Wharekawa and Ahsin Ahsin, a collaborative piece inspired by this time of year around Matariki. Beginning just before the exhibition opening, the work will unfold on the gallery wall as an interactive temporary installation, inviting visitors to observe the artists in action and experience mural-making as a dynamic public practice. The mural will remain partially completed for the duration of the exhibition, drawing attention to process, impermanence, and the evolving nature of street art. This exhibition offers a chance to rediscover familiar campus murals through the stories, creative processes, and experiences that brought them to life.
The factors involved in surgical decision-making in younger women diagnosed with breast cancer in Aotearoa New Zealand: A qualitative analysis
(SAGE Publications, 2024-03-08) Blackmore, Tania; Norman, Kimberley; Burrett, Vanessa; Scarlet, Jenni; Campbell, Ian; Lawrenson, Ross
Women diagnosed with breast cancer must make important surgical decisions. The decision-making process for younger women is complex, with this group more likely to have an advanced diagnosis and life-stage considerations that can impact on treatment. This study investigated the decision-making process of women aged <50 years who had undergone breast cancer surgery within the preceding 12 months in Aotearoa New Zealand. Twelve women participated in semi-structured qualitative interviews to explore the factors that influenced treatment decisions. Thematic analysis resulted in three themes. Fear was the main concept identified as the primary influence on initial decision-making. Good quality shared decision-making between patient and clinician was found to provide essential support during the diagnosis to treatment period. In addition, women expressed a need for multi-modal presentation of medical information and more material reflecting younger women. These findings inform provision for younger women making surgical decisions when diagnosed with breast cancer.
The effect of adipose tissue on transdermal monochromatic light presented to the human fetus using Monte Carlo simulations
(Springer Nature, 2025) Isaac, Zac; Heerikhuisen, Jacob; Reid, Vincent
The extent to which transdermal light sources illuminate the uterine environment is unknown. Recent work indicates the human fetus responds to external visual stimuli, such as laser diodes, and initial modeling suggests the fetus may not develop in a completely dark environment as previously assumed. Development of the human visual system begins within the womb, and there is motivation in fields such as developmental psychology, transabdominal oximetry, and photoacoustics to explore the extent to which light penetrates maternal abdominal tissue and understand how transdermal stimuli appear to the fetus. We develop and adapt a Monte Carlo model utilising third trimester histological properties of maternal tissue to simulate transdermal monochromatic collimated light sources, with particular focus on the 650 nm wavelength used in experimental applications. We determine approximate levels of third trimester uterine illumination from such stimuli, ranging from being comparable to an overcast night to a full moon in clear conditions. We further discuss the scope for multiple stimuli to be visibly distinct in utero for experimental applications. This modeling provides quantitative guidance on the interactions between transdermal monochromatic collimated source laser diode stimuli and maternal tissue to practitioners and researchers in the fields of fetal vision, ultrasound, and developmental psychology.
Word by word: Reclaiming te reo Māori through Huia Publishers’ translingual children’s picturebooks
(Linguistic Society of New Zealand, 2025-11-28) Barbour, Julie Renee; Joseph, Darryn; Daly, Nicola; Price, Te Kani; Tahau-Hodges, Pania; Teepa, Kawatea; Vanderschantz, Nicholas; Waitere, Eboni; Walker, Bryony
Te reo Māori, Aotearoa’s Indigenous language, is spoken by a growing number of people (Lane 2024), with more than 30% of the total population reporting being able to speak more than a few words or phrases of the language and nearly a quarter of Māori being first language speakers (StatsNZ 2022). The resurgence of the language is taking place in a context of intensive language revitalisation which gained momentum in the 1980s (King 2018). For people who identify as Māori, but who have been denied access to their heritage language, the reclamation of te reo Māori can be traumatic (Hamley 2023). Children’s picturebooks created by Māori content creators offer a way to access Māori language (Daly 2025), supporting the reclamation of te reo Māori and and growing understandings of te ao Māori. HUIA Publishers (n.d.), established in 1991, is a leading Indigenous publisher in Aotearoa. HUIA’s English language picturebooks, produced for a non-Māori speaking audience, are commonly translingual, interweaving Māori words and phrases. In this paper, we examine kupu Māori in HUIA’s picturebooks. Accessing their catalogue of trade publications from a period of more than 30 years, we extracted kupu Māori and undertook a semantic domain analysis to understand the types of kupu Māori that are included. We identify semantic domains that are variously enduring, transient, and newly emerging, and we explore the types of vocabulary that populate each semantic domain. Our research departs from the established literature concerning New Zealand English by positioning kupu Māori in translingual picturebooks as tokens of Māori language, not English, reflecting the languages (and cultures) of HUIA’s content creators. Further, to analyse Semantic Domains, we step away from English categories and instead draw on cultural categories from te ao Māori to classify kupu. Our research demonstrates the wealth of Māori language that is shared through HUIA Publisher’s trade picturebooks. These picturebooks afford opportunities to a Māori audience to begin the process of reclaiming their heritage language. At the same time, they provide opportunities for Pākehā to engage with te reo Māori and te ao Māori.
Expressing multiple human participants in the Malekula languages
(Linguistic Society of New Zealand, 2025) Barbour, Julie Renee; Wessels, Kanauhea; Tarosa, Gayleen
In the languages of Malekula Island, Vanuatu (Austronesian/Oceanic), there are several structural possibilities to refer to situations where more than one human participant holds the same semantic role. In this paper, we document the diversity in these single-role dual/multi-participant constructions. We draw on published grammars of Malekula languages, as well as corpora of data collected in the field for Neverver (Central Western Malekula), Espiegle Bay (Tepërav – Northern Malekula) and Atchin (Eastern Malekula) for our study. At least five structural types are attested although not all are reported in all grammatical accounts. Type (1) employs a comitative preposition, a strategy found commonly in WITH-languages (cf. Stassen 2000). Type (2) involves a plural inclusory pronoun and a second human NP. Such constructions form a phrasal inclusory pronominal construction (cf. Lichtenberk 2000). Type (3) has a proper noun combined with a plural subject index inclusive of the reference the proper noun. This kind of structure is analysed as a split inclusory pronominal construction (cf. Lichtenberk 2000), or an associative plural (cf. Corbett 2000; Daniel & Moravcsik 2013; Mauri & Sansò 2019). Type (4) involves a sequence of two or more proper nouns with no overt coordination, co-occurring with a plural subject index on the verb. Finally, type (5) involves a verb of accompaniment. In surveying the Malekula languages for these structures, we examine the morphosyntactic organisation of each structure, seeking to understand the range of structural possibilities available in each language, and the sources of morphology. We consider whether the strategies are available for any participants, or limited to humans, giving consideration to the Animacy Hierarchy. Of particular interest is the shift from prepositional WITH to conjunctive AND in some languages, as well as the relationship between verbal morphology and morphology found in inclusory pronominal constructions. Examples: 1. Mama blev bbubbu ar-uv father with grandfather 3REAL:DU-go ‘Dad and grandfather went ....’ (Barbour 2012:127 [66]) 2. Nam-ix mama nari-vlem 1EXCL:NSG-APPL father 1EXCL:REAL:DU-come ‘My father and I came ...’ (Barbour 2012:130 [73]) 3. Lesien at-uv lon noxos. L. 3REAL.PL-go LOC garden ‘Leisen and them went to the garden. (Barbour 2012:130 [75]) 4. Ana-Aki, Lenaus, Ela, Letang, Leraxsil, Leraxbel, Lemeldan, A. L. E. L. L. L. L. Mary Alice, Lemelue at-xavux nani M. L. 3RE- coconut ‘Ana-Aki, Lenaus, Ela, Letang, Lerakhsil, Lerakhbel, Lemeldan, Mary Alice (and) Lemelue planted coconuts (Barbour 2012:276 [48]) 5. At-uv ati-blev vinang. 3REAL:PL-go 3REAL:PL-be with woman:ANA ‘They went with the woman.’ (Barbour 2012:276 [48])
Report of the IPBES Indigenous and local knowledge dialogue workshop on scenarios of the future
(IPBES, 2025-05) Alangui, Wilfredo Vidal; Bayate, Rande C.; Cariño, Jill; Corcino, Adelaido; Delgado, Bolivia; De Vera, Dave; Dhamai, Binota Moy; Febria, Catherine; Gilmore, Elisabeth; Huambachano, Mariaelena; Indrawan, Mochamad; Kammwamba, Alice Zione; Karlsson-Vinkhuyzen, Sylvia; Kinoc, Zhinal; Kitanova, Despina; Kitma, Abigail; Kolahi, Mahdi; Karim, Paulina; Literal, Maritess; Lundquist, Carolyn; Márquez, Hernández; Masardule, Onel; Mathew, Alice; Mohammed, Ryan S.; Mulenkei, Lucy; Nursey-Bray, Melissa; Nutti Pilflykt, Karin; Ocen, Ismael; Pichs-Madruka, Ramon de la Concepcion; Poskitt, Sam; Quesnot, Teriitutea; Rana, Sakshi; Regpala, Maria Elena; Ringham, Sandra Lee; Roskruge, Nick Rahiri; Schmitt, Thomas; Shulbaeva, Polina; Tauli, Josefa Cariño; Trakansuphakon, Nutdanai
This report summarises the proceedings of the Indigenous and local knowledge (ILK) dialogue workshop on scenarios of the future that was organized by the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystems Services (IPBES). The full title of the workshop agreed by the IPBES Plenary was “Workshop to reflect on scenarios and models to better account for different knowledge systems, including Indigenous and local knowledge systems, and Mother Earth-centric scenarios and models.” The dialogue workshop was held in Subic Bay, the Philippines, from 23 to 26 May 2025. It aimed to provide a platform for discussion between Indigenous Peoples and local communities and members of the IPBES task forces on Indigenous and local knowledge and on scenarios and models, as well as others with experience and expertise in scenarios work. This report aims to provide a written record of the dialogue workshop, which can inform the future work of the IPBES task forces and can be a resource for all dialogue participants who may wish to review and contribute to the IPBES work at the interface of scenarios and models and Indigenous and local knowledge, as well as others who may be interested in this theme. The report is not intended to be comprehensive or to provide definitive resolution to the many engaging discussions that emerged during the workshop. Rather, it serves as a written record of those discussions, which will continue to develop and evolve in the months and years ahead. For this reason, clear points of agreement are discussed, but also, if there were diverging views among participants, these are also presented for further attention and discussion. The text in section 3 represents an attempt to reflect solely the views and contributions of the participants in the dialogue. As such, it does not represent the views of IPBES or UNESCO or reflect upon their official positions. The agenda and participants’ list for the dialogue workshop are provided in annexes 1 and 3.
Garden of Returning Souls
(Hamilton Arts Festival Toi Ora ki Kirikiriroa, 2026-02-20) Barbour, Karen; Griffiths-Hughes, Rachael; Patrick, Declan
This performance is for all, offered to nourish wellbeing and bring community together. Allow the enchanting garden, music, dance and poetry to wash over you and moments of reflection, renewal, peace and connection to arise. Sometimes described as a “garden of a golden afternoon,” the English Flower Garden is a collaborator in this site-specific performance experience. Reflecting the values of the Arts and Craft movement, this garden and performance embodies the ideas that art can be for everyone in our everyday lives, and that harmony in design, crafting by hand and the beauty of nature can inspire us all. Contemporary choreographer Karen Barbour, theatre artist Declan Patrick, and music director Rachael Griffiths-Hughes are joined by a cast of local performers. Together we will all experience the garden. Featured performers: Michael Williams, Martin Griffith, Kathryn Orbell, Isabelle Reid, Helene Burgstaller, Margaret Dewes, Holly Finch.
Urban typography and cultural memory: A literature review in support of a design-led approach to heritage and preservation
(Design Research Society, 2026) Short, Carolina; Schott, Gareth R.
Typography has increasingly been recognised as a valuable lens for cultural and urban analysis. This literature review extends such perspectives by examining how design-led approaches can support the documentation, reinterpretation, and revitalization of urban letterforms as cultural heritage. Drawing on typographic studies, geosemiotics, and design research, it focuses on urban typography — typographic landscapes — understood as spatial and multimodal carriers of memory, identity, and cultural value. While existing scholarship has explored the semiotic and aesthetic dimensions of typography in the urban environment, and some have proposed design-led interventions, connections between theory and practice remain open to further development. The review synthesises interdisciplinary literature, clarifies key terminology, and establishes a conceptual foundation for a practice-based inquiry. It argues that typography, beyond its communicative role, contributes to the material and mnemonic fabric of cities, and that design can support the preservation and reactivation of these typographic forms in response to ongoing urban change.
Can advance care planning (ACP) be a relational healing place for indigenous homeless people in Aotearoa New Zealand?
(Taylor & Francis, 2024) Charvin-Fabre, Sandrine; Moeke-Maxwell, Tess; Stolte, Ottilie; Lawrenson, Ross
In this autoethnographic article, we explore one Māori person’s experience of engaging with advance care planning (ACP) while experiencing the distinct relational fracture as expressed into indigenous homelessness. We describe how ACP, envisioned as a relational space, and expressive of Māori holistic care and wellbeing, might be conducive in healing past traumatic experiences and restoring familial relationships and connections. Extending ACP beyond that for which it has been originally conceived for housed populations and by Western health models, may offer a pathway to assist indigenous homeless people with dignity and peace to fulfil tangihanga (traditional death customs and rituals) through re-establishing connections and healing at the end of life. We recommend that ACP in relation to Māori homelessness offers a Māori space, located within a web of Māori health professionals, to respond adequately to the specific demands that might arise from ACP. Essentially, these demands may relate to a) establishing restorative connections with whānau (extended family) and providing appropriate and consistent support whether in the context of the end of life or over time; b) addressing the needs and distress that may arise from expressing trauma events and offering a space to weave those experiences within a collective and transgenerational experience of trauma.
An impressionistic orientation towards visual inquiry into the conduct of everyday life
(Taylor & Francis, 2021-03-28) Hodgetts, Darrin; Andriolo, Arley; Stolte, Ottilie; King, Pita
Increasingly qualitative research in psychology encompasses various visual materials. These are often analysed using existing qualitative approaches associated with analysing linguistic materials. In this reflexive article, we raise concerns regarding this proceduralized practice and present the conceptual groundwork for a flexible approach to visual inquiry that draws concepts and insights from the visual arts. The primary focus is on engaging with insights from Impressionism as a source of insight for a dynamic and subjective orientation towards visual inquiry and comprehension. To ground this orientation, we argue for the relevance of concepts (e.g., memesis, the flâneur, aesthetics) for efforts to extend visual inquiries into social psychology of everyday homelessness.

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