Arts and Social Sciences Papers

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://researchcommons.waikato.ac.nz/handle/10289/2

This collection houses research from Te Kura Toi School of Arts, Te Kura Whatu Oho Mauri School of Psychology, and Te Kura Aronui School of Social Sciences at the University of Waikato.

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The elephant in the room: Precarious work in New Zealand’s universities
(University of Auckland, 2022) Simpson, Aimee B.; Jolliffe Simpson, Apriel D.; Soar, Max; Oldfield, Luke; Roy, Rituparna; Salter, Leon A.
Precarious working arrangements, defined by temporary casual and fixed-term employment agreements, are a complex, often hidden feature of academia in Aotearoa New Zealand (Aotearoa hereafter). At present, little is known about the conditions of insecure academic work, the size of this workforce, nor how these workers have been affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. This report provides an insight into the reality of insecure academic work in universities from those who responded to the 2021 Precarious Academic Work Survey. We highlight that in Aotearoa we have a highly trained, casual and fixed-term academic workforce who are engaged in long-term cycles of precarity. Among the 760 participants surveyed, more than one-quarter (28.9%) had been precariously employed for five years or longer. Further, nearly sixty percent (59.2%) had accepted extra work to support themselves or their whānau, even when it jeopardised their other responsibilities (e.g., completing their degrees). Over half (52.7%) of all students, and nearly two-thirds (64.4%) of PhD students surveyed, had held three or more employment agreements at a university in the last 12 months. Financial need (71.6%) was most frequently cited as an important factor in participants’ decisions to engage in precarious work, and over half (52.4%) of participants experienced a rise in their living costs due to working from home during the pandemic. Our report also adds further evidence of inequities present in the academic pipeline. Just one in ten Māori (10.8%) and one in thirteen Pasifika (7.7%) participants were PhD graduates, a smaller proportion than the nearly one-third (31.5%) of New Zealand European/Pākehā. Over two-thirds (66.8%) of international students indicated they were employed in the most insecure forms (Casual or fixed-term contracts of six months or less) of precarious work, compared with 60.5% of domestic students. Of those precarious workers completing a PhD, domestic students in our survey were far more likely to be receiving a stipend (73.9%) compared to international students (50%). Further, 63.2% of participants who were international students without a stipend reported that they lacked confidence in having sufficient ongoing academic work in the next 12 months. Instances of discrimination, bullying, and harassment were also reported by survey participants, with 33.7% citing that they had been impacted by such issues. Other workplace safety concerns were evident: nearly half of participants (45.7%) described their workloads as always or often unsustainable and negatively impacting their health and wellbeing. Meanwhile, one-quarter (23.9%) of precarious staff rated their current stress level as an eight, on a scale of zero (no stress) to ten (completely stressed). Two-thirds (66.3%) of participants were not confident they would receive adequate support from their employer in the event of a future crisis (e.g., a natural disaster or outbreak of infectious disease). On this basis, we encourage universities to do better for their casual and fixed-term employees through increasing job security, reducing inequities for Māori and Pasifika precarious staff, and improving conditions for postgraduate students, both domestic and international. In our final recommendations, we implore the government to work alongside universities to realise this change by investigating workloads, increasing, and rebalancing sector funding, and reinstating the postgraduate student allowance.
The Geographic Classification for Health: Methodology and classification report
(Otago University, 2021) Whitehead, Jesse; Davie, Gabrielle; de Graaf, Brandon; Crengle, Sue; Smith, Michelle; Lawrenson, Ross; Fearnley, Dave; Farrell, Noella; Nixon, Garry
The GCH is based on population and drive time data that was used in the development of the Urban Accessibility (UA) classification (Statistics New Zealand, 2020). The UA is in turn based on the Statistical Standard for Geographic Areas 2018 (SSGA18) which includes the urban rural 2018 (UR2018) classification (Statistics New Zealand, 2018). The authors of this report have applied a framework to the UA classification that considers a health services discourse to determine appropriate population and drive time thresholds. We have tested both the quantitative and ‘on-the-ground’ validity of the GCH, in partnership with the Ministry of Health’s National Rural Health Advisory Group (NRHAG). The GCH is comprised of five categories, two urban and three rural, that reflect degrees of reducing urban influence and increasing rurality. The GCH applies these categories to all of New Zealand’s Statistical Area 1s (SA1s, small statistical areas which are the output geography for population data) on a scale from ‘Urban 1’ to ‘Urban 2’ based on population size, and from “Rural 1’ to ‘Rural 3’ based on drive time to their closest major, large, medium, and small* (*As defined in the Statistical Standard for Geographic Areas 2018 (Statistics New Zealand, 2018)) urban areas. Like the UA, the GCH is based on population size and density, with drive time used to indicate increasing rurality. Unlike the UA, which is a generic classification, the population and drive time thresholds used in the GCH have been developed from a health perspective, in consultation with more than 300 individuals from 20 organisations. The nature of the functional relationships between urban areas and rural surrounds have also been considered through a health lens. In this paper we discuss concepts and issues with previous ‘generic’ urban-rural classifications being used in health research in Aotearoa New Zealand. We also describe the GCH methodology and classification, discuss limitations, and illustrate the GCH with maps.
How differing methods of ascribing ethnicity and socio-economic status affect risk estimates for hospitalisation with infectious disease
(Cambridge University Press (CUP), 2019) Hobbs, Mark R.; Atatoa Carr, Polly; Fa'alili-Fidow, Jacinta; Pillai, Avinesh; Morton, Susan M. B.; Grant, Cameron C.
Significant ethnic and socio-economic disparities exist in infectious diseases (IDs) rates in New Zealand, so accurate measures of these characteristics are required. This study compared methods of ascribing ethnicity and socio-economic status. Children in the Growing Up in New Zealand longitudinal cohort were ascribed to self-prioritised, total response and single-combined ethnic groups. Socio-economic status was measured using household income, and both census-derived and survey-derived deprivation indices. Rates of ID hospitalisation were compared using linked administrative data. Self-prioritised ethnicity was simplest to use. Total response accounted for mixed ethnicity and allowed overlap between groups. Single combined ethnicity required aggregation of small groups to maintain power but offered greater detail. Regardless of the method used, Māori and Pacific children, and children in the most socio-economically deprived households had a greater risk of ID hospitalisation. Risk differences between self-prioritised and total response methods were not significant for Māori and Pacific children but single-combined ethnicity revealed a diversity of risk within these groups. Household income was affected by non-random missing data. The census derived deprivation index offered a high level of completeness with some risk of multicollinearity and concerns regarding the ecological fallacy. The survey-derived index required extra questions but was acceptable to participants and provided individualised data. Based on these results, the use of single-combined ethnicity and an individualised survey-derived index of deprivation are recommended where sample size and data structure allow it.
Telomere length in early childhood is associated with sex and ethnicity
(Springer Nature, 2019) Ly, Kien; Walker, Caroline; Berry, Sarah; Snell, Russell; Marks, Emma; Thayer, Zaneta; Atatoa-Carr, Polly; Morton, Susan M. B.
Telomeres are repetitive DNA sequences at the end of chromosomes that function to protect chromosomes from degradation. Throughout the life course, telomere length decreases with age and is influenced by environmental factors and health conditions. This study aimed to determine the relative telomere lengths in a diverse cohort of about 4000 four-year-old children in New Zealand. Linear regression was used to investigate the relationship between telomere length, child gender, ethnicity, paternal age and deprivation. We observed substantial variation in telomere length according to sex and self-identified ethnicity. Telomere length was longer in females compared to males (coefficient of 0.042, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.024–0.060). European children had shorter telomere than both the indigenous Māori (coefficient of 0.03, CI 0.007–0.055) and Pacific children (coefficient of 0.15, CI 0.12–0.18). The data suggest that telomere lengths are highly variable and variability between individuals arise from early age, influenced partly by sex and ethnicity. Longer telomeres in indigenous Māori and Pacific children may reflect the heritability of telomere length in genetically less complex populations. This study increases our understanding of telomere dynamics in young children since the majority of telomere studies are conducted in adults.
Critical reflection for researcher–community partnership effectiveness: The He Pikinga Waiora process evaluation tool guiding the implementation of chronic condition interventions in Indigenous communities
(CSIRO Publishing, 2019) Rarere, Moana; Oetzel, John G.; Masters-Awatere, Bridgette; Scott, Nina; Wihapi, Ray; Manuel, Carey; Gilbert, Rewa
Critically reflecting on researcher–community partnerships is a key component in implementing chronic condition interventions in Indigenous communities. This paper draws on the results and learnings from a process evaluation that measures how well two research–community partnerships have followed the He Pikinga Waiora (HPW) Implementation Framework while co-designing chronic condition interventions in primary care. The HPW framework is centred on Indigenous self-determination and knowledge surrounded by community engagement, cultural centredness, systems thinking and integrated knowledge translation. The evaluation included in-depth interviews and online surveys with 10 team members. The findings demonstrate that the HPW framework was followed well, with strengths particularly in community engagement and relationship building. Areas for improvement included systems thinking and integrated knowledge translation to support sustainability of the interventions. The need for partnerships to use process evaluation results to support critical reflection is asserted, which helps build strong trust and synergy, power sharing and effective and sustainable implementation practices. It is concluded that the HPW framework is well suited to evaluating implementation of health interventions in primary care as it assists in the facilitation of better collaboration between researchers and Indigenous communities, and encourages the implementation team to reflect on power and privilege.
Māori data governance model
(Te Kāhui Raraunga, 2023) Kukutai, Tahu; Campbell-Kamareira, Kyla; Mead, Aroha Te Pareake; Mikaere, Kirikowhai; Moses, Caleb; Whitehead, Jesse; Cormack, Donna
This report describes the Māori Data Governance Model that has been designed by Māori data experts for use across the Aotearoa New Zealand public service. Māori data is a taonga that requires culturally grounded models of protection and care. The Model provides guidance for the system-wide governance of Māori data, consistent with the Government’s responsibilities under te Tiriti o Waitangi. The Model is intended to assist all agencies to undertake Māori data governance in a way that is values-led, centred on Māori needs and priorities, and informed by research. This is important because existing government data processes and practices are failing to meet Māori informational needs. The Vision, Tuia te korowai o Hine-Raraunga – Data for self-determination, enables iwi, hapū and Māori organisations, businesses and communities to pursue their own goals for cultural, social, economic and environmental wellbeing. Eight Data Pou or pillars define critical areas of data governance and specify the actions that should be undertaken to realise six desired outcomes. The Model does not cover every element of data governance; instead, it focuses on key priorities and actions, against which agencies can assess their level of data maturity. The Model explicitly recognises the need for changes to system leadership, policies and legal settings so that Māori can exercise authority over Māori data to reduce unethical data use and strengthen outcomes for individuals, whānau and communities. The report also identifies the need for strategic investment in a Mana Motuhake data system that sits outside of the public sector to ensure iwi and hapū sovereignty over iwi and hapū data.
The estimation and interpretation of coefficients in panel gravity models of migration
(Springer Nature, 2019) Cameron, Michael Patrick; Poot, Jacques
In this paper, we demonstrate that the conventional ordinary least squares and fixed effects estimators of classical gravity models of migration are biased, and that the interpretation of coefficients in the fixed effects gravity model is typically incorrect. We then present a best linear unbiased (BLU) estimator for gravity models of migration, and illustrate its application with inter-regional data from New Zealand. The results demonstrate that the standard ordinary least squares and fixed effect models lead to biased coefficients on population. Alternative estimates that are BLU are provided for a data generating process with fixed origin and destination effects. The coefficients on population must be interpreted in this model as growth rate effects rather than level effects. Our findings also have significance for other types of spatial interaction modelling.
He Pikinga Waiora Kimi Ora lifestyle programme: Case study of a successful community-based indigenous diabetes intervention
(Pasifika Medical Association Group (PMAG), 2021) Masters-Awatere, Bridgette; Cassim, Shemana; Tamatea, Jade; Scott, Nina; Simpson, Chae; Paekau, Cherie
AIM: To co-design and implement a whānau-centred, community-based lifestyle programme (Kimi Ora) intended to ensure no worsening of HbA1c and to improve wellbeing for Māori whānau and communities with diabetes or pre-diabetes. METHODS: Māori healthcare providers, community members, research advisors and wider stakeholders used a co-design process underpinned by He Pikinga Waiora to collaboratively develop and implement Kimi Ora Control group comparisons and participants were recruited from Te Kōhao Health. Multi-method monitoring and collection captured individual, whānau and community data. RESULTS: Kimi Ora was run in two communities in Aotearoa New Zealand. In total, there were 35 participants who took part in an eight-week programme offered five times alongside a comparison group comprising 21 participants. Kimi Ora resulted in significant improvements on all biomedical measures compared to baseline, and participants had gains relative to the comparison group for variables including weight, BMI, blood pressure and waist measurement. Of particular note was the 100% retention rate and sustained community support for Kimi Ora. CONCLUSIONS: Outcomes from Kimi Ora demonstrate this programme, which was actively tailored for and worked with Māori communities in a responsive and flexible manner, resulted in successful biomedical outcomes, high engagement and high retention.
The alienation of the Opuatia block: A GIS case study report written for Counting our Tūpuna
(Te Ngira: Institute for Population Research, the University of Waikato, 2021) Whitehead, Jesse
This report provides an analysis and visualisation of the fragmentation and alienation of the Opuatia block (Opuatia hereafter), as well as changes in its ownership and geographic structure since 1866. The three main aims are to quantify the amount of Opuatia remaining in Ngāti Tiipa ownership at the end of each decade, identifying critical moments in time, and highlighting the processes through which Opuatia was alienated and fragmented. These questions are addressed through a bespoke method that was developed to link data from several sources. These include (but are not limited to) historic records of land alienation, held by the Māori Land Court, and geospatial information available through Land Information New Zealand. The key findings show that approximately 94% of the original Opuatia has been alienated, with only small parcles of land remaining in Ngāti Tiipa ownership. The late 1890s and early 1900s were a criticial period where over 80% of alienations were carried out. The results inidcate that the Crown was a key driver of this process, directly alienating more than 18,000 acres from Opuatia, much of which was taken on a single day in 1896. Individual settlers were responsible for most other alienations, and some of the same names appear several times in the historical record as settler families alienated clusters of land to build up significant stakes in the area. Finally, another result of this report is the method itself, which outlines an approach for tracing a defined block of land through the Native Land Court and linking this information to geospatial datasets. The limitations of this report include the poor interoperability of key data sources, and the barriers that this presents to other hapū or organisations who may want to replicate this work. A more detailed investigation of archival records is required to examine the specific reasons behind why each parent block, and the subdivisions with them, was alienated from Ngāti Tiipa ownership.
Becoming Floodwise: Awareness and action for Aotearoa
(NIWA | Taihoro Nukurangi, 2025) Hanna, Christina Jane; Serrao-Neumann, Silvia; Lane, Emily M.; Phillips, Simone
Flooding is Aotearoa New Zealand’s most frequent damaging natural hazard, and over 750,000 people live in areas that could be affected by flooding. Hundreds of thousands of buildings are identified as being located in flood hazard areas, valued at approximately $235 billion. The majority of these buildings are peoples’ homes. As a result of climate change, storms are getting more intense and harder to predict, and development is still happening in flood-prone areas. Together, these challenges make it harder to keep people and communities informed and safe from harm.
Embracing uncertainty: Informing decisions on flood risk and land use planning in a changing climate
(NIWA | Taihoro Nukurangi, 2025) Hanna, Christina Jane; Serrao-Neumann, Silvia; Phillips, Simone
To increase resilience, decisionmakers must embrace uncertainty by shifting from static planning to adaptive strategies incorporate scenarios, national equitable multiple that future support consistent policy, access and ensure to and understanding of evolving flood risk information.
Network of positive affect and depression in older adults
(Elsevier BV, 2026) Hopkins, Ella G; Leman, Patrick J; Cervin, Matti; Numbers, Katya; Brodaty, Henry; Sachdev, Perminder S; Medvedev, Oleg N
Background Depression in older adults poses significant health challenges, yet the protective role of positive affect remains understudied. This research examined the complex network of positive affect and depression in older adults using advanced network analysis techniques to identify potential targets for intervention. Methods Bayesian Gaussian Graphical Models and Directed Acyclic Graph modelling were used to analyse associations between ten positive affect variables and depression. Exploratory and confirmatory network analyses ensured stability and node predictability quantified variable influence. Stepwise linear regression confirmed whether specific positive affective variables identified in the networks predicted lower depression scores. Results Enthusiasm emerged as a key ancestral node with the highest predictability (R2 = 0.65), initiating cascades of positive affect. A primary pathway to depression was identified through feeling active (strength = 1.00, direction = 0.79), with an indirect pathway from feeling enthusiastic via active (strength = 0.98, direction = 0.79) to depression (strength = 1.00, direction = 0.79). Confirmatory longitudinal analysis showed that feeling active and enthusiastic consistently predicted lower depression scores (p < 0.001). The network structure remained stable across analyses. Conclusions Enthusiasm was identified as a central catalyst in the positive affect network, revealing clear pathways through which positive affect may protect against depression in older adults. Enhancing enthusiastic and active emotional experiences emerged as potential effective, nonpharmacological strategies for preventing and treating depression in older adults.
Strengthening flood governance in Aotearoa New Zealand: Achieving multi-level policy coherence
(NIWA | Taihoro Nukurangi, 2025) Hanna, Christina Jane; Serrao-Neumann, Silvia; Fletcher, Marcus Anzac Kewene; Phillips, Simone
Effective flood risk management in Aotearoa New Zealand requires more directive and coherent governance across all levels. This includes clear national direction and policy frameworks for natural hazards and climate change adaptation planning.
The significance of spatial scale: Informing land use planning through effective flood hazard and risk mapping
(NIWA | Taihoro Nukurangi, 2025) Serrao-Neumann, Silvia; Hanna, Christina Jane; Afsari Bajestani, Sepideh; Phillips, Simone
Effective land use planning for flood risk management in Aotearoa New Zealand hinges on the production and application of fit-for-purpose flood hazard and risk maps at the appropriate spatial scale. National guidance is crucial to ensure consistency and clarity in the development, selection and use of these maps across different government levels.
Marine inequality, borderization, and the radical potential of kinship
(American Anthropological Association, 2025) McCormack, Fiona
This article utilizes scholarship on borders to interpret the persistence of inequality in Indigenous seascapes, irrespective of moves to redress colonial wrongs or the growing anthropocenic recognition of human-nature interconnectedness. I examine border politics in the context of Māori claims for marine title and rights and the post-settlement development of aquaculture. Drawing on Harsha Walia’s concept of “border imperialism” and Achille Mbembe’s thesis on “borderization,” the article highlights the endurance of colonial forms alongside their neoliberal transformation into the enclosures and entrapments arising in the context of accelerated marine industrialization. By holding in tension the interconnection between marine environments and kinship, on one hand, and scholarship on borders, on the other, the article suggests that Indigenous Māori kinship, expanding through multiple layers of difference, constitutes a site of resistance that has the potential to refute the logic of borderization.
“Thoughts & prayers,” conspiracy theories, and laughing emojis: Facebook comments on the attempted assassination of President Trump
(John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2025) Phillips, Justin B.; Carson, Andrea
This article examines online responses to the 14 July 2024 assassination attempt on Donald Trump. Using large language model embeddings and machine learning algorithms, we analyze 26 thousand Facebook comments in near real-time reacting to “breaking news” stories from six national mainstream media outlets covering the assassination attempt. The themes we identify are consistent with historical studies on political assassination attempts and death, indicating evidence of public dismay, but also other widespread reactions including conspiratorial thinking, mocking, and trolling. Facebook’s laughing emoji features as one notable troll-like response to this traumatic event, with news of the shooting prompting nearly nine thousand ‘haha’ reactions. Within this online language is a political response apportioning blame, where both the political left and right accuse one another of inciting political violence. Our paper further connects these empirical observations with literature on affective publics, digital mourning, and RIP-trolling.
How to survive a plague of flesh-eating rats: An introductory guide to studying remediated ‎gameplay imaginations of medieval folklore and beliefs in A Plague Tale: Innocence
(Centre for Medieval and Renaissance, the University of Winchester, 2021) Schott, Gareth R.; Redder, Ben Dorrington
Popular digital games such as Assassin’s Creed: Origins (2017), Total War: Three Kingdoms (2019), and Red: Dead Redemption (2010) possess merit for their faithful and authentic interactive representations of elements of the past that furnish games with pedagogical value. Both digital game studies and historical game studies have contributed research furthering understanding of the pedagogical value and applications of historical games for students’ learning of history in school education, particularly secondary schools and universities (Kee, 2014, McCall, 2013, & Schrier, 2014). Despite the growing interest in the new forms of knowledge contained within games, and gameplay, the educational application of historical digital games can be limited to supplementary visual aids that do not fully account for the range and forms of historical investigation associated with the game development process. We forward a multi-modal perspective on the varied ways in which historical knowledge is present in both game design and the gameplay experience. Our approach is demonstrated with one of several under-investigated (yet valuable) modes of historical exploration, namely ‘Imaginative History.’ This is achieved using images from several sequences of recorded game footage in the Medieval historical fantasy game A Plague Tale: Innocence as a case example alongside supporting historical literature. This Medieval game is suitable for addressing this conference’s theme of crises or disasters as it is set in a re-imagination of the Black Death plague roughly within the south-western region of fourteenth century France, but one that personifies the real Black Death with a plague of supernatural flesh-eating rats and places players into the role of two fictional orphan children. This presentation seeks to demonstrate historical games’ value for teaching and learning by discussing A Plague Tale: Innocence’s fantastical adaptation of the plague as a model for exploring the role of re-mediation, and subversion, of past pre-modern folklore imaginations and beliefs. Fantasy or folkloric treatment of historical events or periods can provide insight into the experiential dimensions of a period in history re-told as an interactive folktale.
Protecting Māori data: Can a Privacy Code of Practice provide a partial solution?
(Te Ngira Institute for Population Research, 2025-10) Watts, David; Kukutai, Tahu
This paper explores whether a Māori Data Privacy Code, developed under the Privacy Act 2020, could provide additional protection for classes of information that are regarded by Māori as tapu. The Act already covers the personal information of Māori individuals in the same way it does any other individual. We argue that a MDP Code could offer additional protection for particular classes of sensitive personal information – specifically whakapapa data and data pertaining to deceased Māori. A MDP Code could restrict the purposes for which such information can be collected, used, disclosed, retained, stored and disposed of; put stronger requirements on agencies to demonstrate that their collection and use of this information is justified; require free, prior and informed consent for its use and disclosure; and provide for greater transparency and independent Māori oversight.
History and philosophy of experimental philosophy: All in the family
(De Gruyter Brill, 2024) Sytsma, Justin; Ulatowski, Joseph W.; Gonnerman, Chad
Experimental philosophy (or "x-phi") is a way of doing philosophy. It is "traditional" philosophy, but with a little something extra: In addition to the expected philosophical arguments and engagement, x-phi involves the use of empirical methods to test the empirical claims that arise. This extra bit strikes some as a new, perhaps radical, addition to philosophical practice. We don't think so. As this chapter will show, empirical claims have been common across the history of Western philosophy, as have appeals to empirical observation in attempting to support or subvert these claims. While conceptions of philosophy have changed over time, across these changes we find philosophers employing empirical methods in pursuing their philosophical questions. Our primary aim in this chapter is to illustrate this fact. We begin by discussing the relevance of history to experimental philosophy (Section 2), then offer a necessarily condensed and highly selective history of empirical work in Western philosophy, rang-ing from the ancients (Section 3), to the early moderns (Section 4), to the late moderns (Section 5), and on to the present (Section 6).
Investigating the relationships between student well-being and perceived environmental sustainability: Student environmental attitudes as a moderator
(Emerald, 2025) Sheeran, Zane; Sutton, Anna; Cooper-Thomas, Helena D.
Purpose: Higher education institutes (HEIs) face two key challenges: low levels of environmental sustainability and students with low levels of well-being. This paper suggests that, because of the interconnectedness of sustainable development goals, there may be a single solution to meet both these challenges, namely, increased sustainability. The purpose of this paper is to test whether higher perceived sustainability is associated with higher well-being, moderated by student attitudes towards the environment. Design/methodology/approach: This study followed a quantitative design. Students enrolled at a New Zealand university completed an online questionnaire (n = 292) measuring student perceptions of their HEI’s environmental sustainability, their attitudes towards the environment and their well-being. Regression and moderation analyses were conducted to test hypothesised relationships. Findings: Students’ sustainability perceptions positively predicted student well-being. However, student attitudes towards the environment did not moderate this relationship. Originality/value: This study contributes to an emerging field by investigating the relationship between sustainability and well-being. The findings suggest HEIs may be able to improve their performance in multiple ranking criteria (student well-being and environmental sustainability) by focusing on sustainable practices and supporting students in their personal sustainability efforts.

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