This chapter contains sections titled: -Introduction -Geographical and climate perspective -Historical climate -Future climate -Overview of lake types and formation processes -Climate change and impacts on endemic and exotic flora and fauna -Climate change impacts on fish -Climate change impacts on aquatic plants and macroinvertebrates -Effects of climate change on shallow NZ lakes -Effects of climate change on high-altitude NZ lakes -Case study: Lake Taupo -Case study: Lake Pupuke -Case study: surface temperature in monomictic and polymictic Rotorua lakes -Case study: bottom-water dissolved oxygen in Lake Rotoiti -Case study: modeling effects of land use and climate change for Lake Rotorua -Management challenges and mitigation measures -Conclusions -References