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The chronology of Waikato pā: A spatio-temporal investigation of pā in the middle Waikato basin McBride, Rowan Hogg, Alan G. Boswijk, Gretel Petchey, Fiona Lowe, David J. Waitoki, Waikaremoana This study considers the chronology of pā construction, proliferation, and development within the Middle Waikato Basin through a spatio-temporal investigation of palisade construction activity as identified at six pā (fortified places). The chronological approach applied in this thesis uses 14C wiggle-match dating to provide an accurate and precise calendar date for the felling of a tree (Felling Date) used to construct a palisade defence at a pā. These Felling Dates are interpreted using the theory of time perspectivism, focusing on three distinct scales of analysis: Event, Local, and Regional. The event scale of analysis successfully produced twenty high-precision felling dates on posts recovered from Lake Mangakaware 1 (MA1), Lake Mangakaware 2 (MA2), Lake Mangahia (MGA), Taraheke Pā (TAR), Te Uapata Pā (TEU) and Lake Rotokauri (ROT). The local scale analysis utilised these felling dates to track the development of the identified palisade defences over time, identifying multiple palisade construction phases, representing construction, repair and redevelopment episodes at MA1, MA2, MGA, TAR and TEU. Finally, the regional scale analysis integrated this evidence into a broader chronological framework, identifying shared episodes of palisade construction activity within the Middle Waikato Basin. This analysis highlights three critical periods of proposed socio-political stress and stability between the late fifteenth and early nineteenth centuries, related to hypothesised influential variables from the broader cultural and archaeological landscape that are proposed to be responsible for the emergence, proliferation and development of pā over time. The University of Waikato 2024 Thesis en https://hdl.handle.net/10289/17311 https://researchcommons.waikato.ac.nz/bitstreams/3d821e0c-3d98-467c-9414-fa65560e7259/download 0c967e90d71df32fe0449df4fb424f6c https://researchcommons.waikato.ac.nz/bitstreams/4e9bb6f4-1adf-489b-af9b-d222351d6459/download 97fc87356ec1dc40ff130fc4d1f7c5fc https://researchcommons.waikato.ac.nz/bitstreams/0556a3ff-1142-4205-b7ff-baec8ba55cfe/download e14202ab27e47ddb00d33097327ba050 https://researchcommons.waikato.ac.nz/bitstreams/d0f02624-0ac4-4fd5-a555-48d87c38dac2/download 288f553bfc2a460a20987c926c23e0fa https://researchcommons.waikato.ac.nz/bitstreams/647fa877-736c-464a-af7c-cbaf5e109874/download 2d2cd26303fc9fba0f4ba11a5c61a626 All items in Research Commons are provided for private study and research purposes and are protected by copyright with all rights reserved unless otherwise indicated. pā radiocarbon dating wiggle-match dating time perspectivism tree-ring analysis palisade construction chronology of pā New Zealand archaeology