Ryan, MichaelMukherjee, Abhishek2026-04-012026-04-012026Ryan, M., & Mukherjee, A. (2026). Open banking and digital financial inclusion: Early evidence. Economics Letters, 263, 112931-112931. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2026.1129310165-1765https://hdl.handle.net/10289/18181Using a large panel of countries, we study whether open-banking adoption expands digital financial inclusion. Applying difference-in-differences methods, we find that open banking increases the share of adults making or receiving a digital payment, with the largest effect among less-educated adults. We find, however, no statistically significant effect of open banking on the number of mobile/internet banking transactions per 1000 adults. One interpretation of our results is that open banking benefits may accrue through non-bank channels to those who previously did not use digital means of payment.enAttribution-NonCommercial 4.0 Internationalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/Journal Article10.1016/j.econlet.2026.11293138 Economics3801 Applied Economics38 Economics