Tiakiwai, Sarah-JaneSmith, Linda TuhiwaiDiaz, VinceHudson, Maui2026-05-042026-05-042026https://hdl.handle.net/10289/18248My approach to completing this PhD by publication did not follow a standard process and as such the thesis has a different structure. This is related in part to my circumstances and the length of time to conclude this thesis, the evolving nature of my research projects, and the movement of discourse over that period of time. What this thesis represents is a body of research that I have been fortunate to be a part of over the past ten years. All of the projects were collaborative activities, and all involved the integration of both western and Māori bodies of knowledge. Each project has its own methodological approach and methods although most drew predominantly on kaupapa Māori methodology. The introduction provides a general summary and positionality statement to orient the reader to my background and motivations. Chapter One provides an outline to the structure of the thesis including the research question, methodological approach, and methods for the construction of the thesis. Chapter Two is a literature review exploring the cultural interface between Indigenous knowledge and science, and the challenge of braiding these bodies of knowledge within research projects. Chapter Three describes the foundations of cultural reciprocity and the dimensions and attributes that comprise the Cultural Reciprocity Framework. This represents the primary new output of the thesis, woven together from the literature review and the learnings that emerged from the published papers. Chapters 4 – 15 represent selected papers/project outputs for which a general description is provided as well as a Cultural Reciprocity Framework assessment. These chapters are structured into three parts, locally focused projects (4-6), nationally focused projects (7-12), and internationally focused projects (13-15). Chapter 16 is the discussion section exploring what the use of the Cultural Reciprocity Framework indicates and how it might be used to encourage a deeper and more substantive approach to the braiding of Indigenous knowledge and science in research or what I think of as ‘deep knowledge co-production’.enAll items in Research Commons are provided for private study and research purposes and are protected by copyright with all rights reserved unless otherwise indicated.Thesis