Adeel, AleezaApperley, MarkWalmsley, Tim G2026-06-232026-06-232026-01-09Adeel, A., Apperley, M., & Walmsley, T. G. (2026). An Interoperable User-Centred Digital Twin Framework for sustainable energy system management. Energies, 19(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/en190203331996-1073https://hdl.handle.net/10289/18404This paper presents an Interoperable User-Centred Digital Twin (I-UCDT) framework for sustainable energy system management, addressing the growing complexity of energy generation, storage, demand, and grid interaction across industrial and community-scale systems. The proposed framework provides a unified environment for the visual representation and management of interconnected energy components, supporting informed decision-making among diverse stakeholder groups. The I-UCDT framework adopts a modular plug-and-play architecture based on the Functional Mock-up Interface (FMI) standard, enabling scalable and interoperable integration of heterogeneous energy models from platforms such as Modelica, MATLAB/Simulink, and EnergyPlus. A standardised data layer processes and structures raw model inputs, while an interactive visualisation layer translates complex energy flows into intuitive, user-accessible insights. By applying human–computer interaction principles, the framework reduces cognitive load and enables users with varying technical backgrounds to explore supply–demand balancing, decarbonisation pathways, and optimisation strategies. It supports the full lifecycle of energy system design, planning, and operation, offering flexibility for both industrial and community-scale applications. A case study demonstrates the framework’s potential to enhance transparency, usability, and energy efficiency. Overall, this work advances digital twin research for energy systems by combining technical interoperability with explicitly formalised user-centred design characteristics (C1–C10) to promote flexible and sustainable energy system management.enAttribution 4.0 Internationalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/black-box Modeldigital twinsenergy systemsFunctional Mock-up Interfaceinteroperablesoftware engineeringuser-centred designJournal Article10.3390/en190203331996-107340 Engineering33 Built environment and design40 Engineering51 Physical sciences7 Affordable and Clean Energy