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Salvador Urban Network Transportation (SUNT): A landmark spatiotemporal dataset for public transportation
(Springer, 2025) Ferreira, Marcos V.; Souza, Matheus; Rios, Tatiane N.; Fernandes, Islame F. C.; Nery, Jorge; Gama, João; Bifet, Albert; Rios, Ricardo A.
Efficient public transportation management is essential for the development of large urban centers, providing several benefits such as comprehensive coverage of population mobility, reduction of transport costs, better control of traffic congestion, and significant reduction of environmental impact limiting gas emissions and pollution. Realizing these benefits requires a deeply understanding the population and transit patterns and the adoption of approaches to model multiple relations and characteristics efficiently. This work addresses these challenges by providing a novel dataset that includes various public transportation components from three different systems: regular buses, subway, and BRT (Bus Rapid Transit). Our dataset comprises daily information from about 700,000 passengers in Salvador, one of Brazil’s largest cities, and local public transportation data with approximately 2,000 vehicles operating across nearly 400 lines, connecting almost 3,000 stops and stations. With data collected from March 2024 to March 2025 at a frequency lower than one minute, SUNT stands as one of the largest, most comprehensive, and openly available urban datasets in the literature.
Estimation of effective viscosity to quantify collisional behavior in collisionless plasma
(IOP Publishing, 2025) Adhikari, Subash; González, Carols A.; Yang, Yan; Oughton, Sean; Pecora, Francesco; Bandyopadhyay, Riddhi; Matthaeus, William H.
While dissipation in collisional plasma is defined in terms of viscosity and resistivity, the exact functional form of dissipation, i.e., the so-called dissipation function in nearly collisionless plasma, is unknown. Nevertheless, previous studies have suggested that there exists viscous-like energy conversion in collisionless plasma with scaling characteristics analogous to collisional plasma, and in particular that the average dissipation is proportional to the square of the rate of strain as in hydrodynamics. In this study, using 2.5D kinetic particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation of collisionless plasma turbulence, we provide an estimate of effective viscosity at each scale, obtained via a scale-filtering approach. We then compare the turbulent dynamics of the PIC simulation with that from MHD and two-fluid simulations in which the viscosity is equal to the effective viscosity estimate obtained from the PIC simulation. We find that the global behavior in these MHD and two-fluid simulations has a striking similarity to that in their kinetic/PIC counterpart. In addition, we explore the scale dependence of the effective viscosity and discuss implications of this approach for space plasmas.
Urban typography and cultural memory: A literature review in support of a design-led approach to heritage and preservation
(Design Research Society, 2026) Short, Carolina; Schott, Gareth R.
Typography has increasingly been recognised as a valuable lens for cultural and urban analysis. This literature review extends such perspectives by examining how design-led approaches can support the documentation, reinterpretation, and revitalization of urban letterforms as cultural heritage. Drawing on typographic studies, geosemiotics, and design research, it focuses on urban typography — typographic landscapes — understood as spatial and multimodal carriers of memory, identity, and cultural value. While existing scholarship has explored the semiotic and aesthetic dimensions of typography in the urban environment, and some have proposed design-led interventions, connections between theory and practice remain open to further development. The review synthesises interdisciplinary literature, clarifies key terminology, and establishes a conceptual foundation for a practice-based inquiry. It argues that typography, beyond its communicative role, contributes to the material and mnemonic fabric of cities, and that design can support the preservation and reactivation of these typographic forms in response to ongoing urban change.
Comparative analysis of calf muscle endurance metrics in male and female athletes from different sports
(Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, 2026) Pilanthananond, Metaneeya; Hébert-Losier, Kim; Srisomphan, Thitiphan; Jamkrajang, Parunchaya
Purpose: To investigate calf muscle endurance in athletes participating in sports with high demands for repetitive jumping and sprinting and to explore potential sex differences. Methods: 189 recreational athletes aged 18–25 years old (40 runners, 49 basketball and volleyball players, 41 badminton and tennis players, 59 soccer and futsal players) performed a maximal number of single-leg calf raises on the edge of a box following a metronome beat (60 beats per minute) with both legs tested in random order, with only the dominant leg analysed in this study. An upright trunk and a straight knee were maintained throughout the testing. Results: Significantly greater calf muscle absolute work capacity was observed in male court sport players compared to male field sport players by 46.53% (p < 0.001) and female court sport players by 56.46% (p = 0.002) identified by total work metrics. The normalised total positive work was also higher in male court sport players by 43.92% (p = 0.006), while sex differences in normalised work were not significant. No significant differences were shown in peak heights and number of repetitions among the four sports or between sexes within the other sports. Conclusions: Greater absolute work capacity in court sports players reflects sport-specific adaptations to repetitive vertical movements, while sex differences in absolute work are attributable to body mass rather than superior muscular endurance. Our findings suggest the potential benefits of integrating calf muscle training into court sport players.
Running kinematics, spatiotemporal variation and lower limb strength at different stages of a 156-km ultra-trail race
(Edizioni Minerva Medica, 2026-02) Nguyen, Anh Phong; Esculier, Jean-François; Dubois, Blaise; van Cant, Joachim; Roy-Baillargeon, Olivier; Hébert-Losier, Kim; Francisco, Beatrice; Hingrand, Corentin; Delaunay, Pierre-Louis; Mauvieux, Benoit; Pairot De Fontenay, Benoit
BACKGROUND: Ultra-trail running is increasingly popular, yet most research on biomechanics focuses on road running or treadmills. This study assesses changes in foot strike pattern (FSP), step frequency, and other biomechanical parameters over a 156-km ultra-trail race. METHODS: Fifty-five experienced runners participated in the Trail Scientifique de Clécy, a 156-km race with 6000 meters of elevation gain. Biomechanical data were collected at the end of each 26-km lap using video for FSP and Optojump for other parameters. Muscle strength was measured via maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) of the hip abductors and ankle plantar flexors. RESULTS: Forty-one runners completed the race. FSP remained consistent. Step frequency decreased initially (P=0.003) before stabilizing. Self-selected speed declined by 14.2% (P<0.001), and step length reduced by 12.6% (P<0.001). Ground contact time increased (+12.9%, P<0.001), while flight time remained stable. Leg stiffness showed a non-significant decreasing trend (P=0.048). MVIC for hip abductors and ankle plantar flexors slightly decreased late in the race (P=0.015 and P=0.004). CONCLUSIONS: Experienced ultra-trail runners maintain consistent FSP while strategically adapting other biomechanical parameters to manage fatigue, supporting sustained performance and injury prevention in ultra-endurance races.