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SGLT2 inhibitor use and disparities in all-cause mortality in type 2 diabetes: Insights from a multi-ethnic population
(Springer, 2026) Chepulis, Lynne; Gan, Han; Simmons, David; Rodrigues, Mark William; Keenan, Rawiri; Murphy, Rinki; Kenealy, Tim; Te Karu, Leanne; Magliano, Dianna; Scott-Jones, Jo; Moffitt, Allan; Lao, Chunhuan; Lawrenson, Ross; Paul, Ryan G.
Aims/hypothesis: Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) are known to reduce cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in people with type 2 diabetes, but there are limited data regarding mortality outcomes in different ethnic groups (including Indigenous peoples). This study reports on mortality outcomes in a population in Aotearoa New Zealand (hereafter New Zealand) with type 2 diabetes, following the funded availability of the SGLT2i empagliflozin with prioritised access for Māori and Pacific people. Methods: Data were collected from primary care records for those aged 18–75 years with type 2 diabetes (Auckland/Waikato regions of New Zealand; February 2021 to December 2023; n=59,505). These data were linked to national medication-dispensing and mortality records for 2021–2024 via national health identifier numbers. Following propensity matching and Cox modelling for ethnicity, age, gender, medication use, baseline HbA1c and cardiovascular and/or renal disease/risk (CVRD) status (yes/no), mortality rates were compared by ethnicity in those with and without CVRD and who did/did not initiate empagliflozin. This study was reported in accordance with the CONSIDER statement, used to strengthen the reporting of research involving Indigenous peoples. The study was funded by the Health Research Council of New Zealand. Results: Following matching, two groups of 12,792 individuals were identified. Annualised crude mortality (deaths per 1000 individuals per year) was higher in those not dispensed with SGLT2i than in those receiving SGLT2i (35.2 vs 13.1 in those with CVRD and 7.7 vs 3.6 in those without CVRD, respectively). After adjustment, the greatest difference in mortality with SGLT2i use was seen in Māori (HR 0.475; 95% CI 0.336, 0.672; p<0.001), followed by Pacific people (HR 0.507; 95% CI 0.395, 0.651; p<0.001) and European people (HR 0.667; 95% CI 0.545, 0.816; p<0.001). Conclusions/interpretation: The protective effect of SGLT2i use on mortality appears to differ by ethnicity and is greater in Indigenous Māori and Pacific populations in New Zealand with type 2 diabetes. SGLT2i use in Indigenous and minority populations may support improved health equity.
Slab turbulence in the very local interstellar medium and the IBEX ribbon
(IOP Publishing, 2025) Zirnstein, Eric J.; McComas, David J.; Giacalone, Joe; Zank, Gary P.; Guo, Fan; Heerikhuisen, Jacob; Li, Hui; Reisenfeld, Daniel B.
In this study, we analyze an important property of the very local interstellar medium, i.e., turbulence that affects the intensity and shape of the Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX) ribbon. Specifically, we simulate the propagation of the ribbon’s parent ions before they become secondary energetic neutral atoms that can be observed at 1 au by IBEX. We then test how different slab/2D turbulence fractions affect the intensity and shape of the modeled ribbon and compare to the latest IBEX ribbon-separated data. We compare 1D cuts across the modeled and observed ribbon as a function of angle away from the ribbon center. We find that the intensities of the modeled ribbon are larger than most of the data, except near the ecliptic plane. However, the model intensities are sensitive to how we model the neutral solar wind, which forms the source ion population for the ribbon. We then compare the model and data by normalizing the fluxes to their respective peak intensities and find the peaks’ angular distances from the ribbon center. We find that most of the model peaks lie within 3° of the data peaks, which we consider our 1σ uncertainty (half the size of an IBEX pixel). By averaging the instances where the model peaks match the data peaks (within 3°), we find that the mean is slab-50%, with a standard deviation of ±28% and standard error of ±5%.
A novel inversion method for electrical impedance tomography with a radial basis operator network
(MDPI, 2026) Kurz, Jason A.; Pangia, Andrew; Khan, Taufiquar
We apply a new operator neural network to solve the Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) inverse problem. The EIT inverse problem involves reconstructing the conductivity inside a specific body or domain, given the electric potential along the boundary of said body. Mathematically speaking, the inverse problem is known to be severely ill-posed, that is, hard to reliably solve. However, we demonstrate the efficacy of our proposed algorithm utilizing the aforementioned neural network, dubbed the Radial Basis Operator Network (RBON) in its seminal work, when applied to the EIT inverse problem.
Examining the rourou: Exploring Pākehā educators' preparedness for and practices in teaching Māori texts in the english classroom
(The University of Waikato, 2026) Tunstall, Kashka; Cunningham, Emma; McMillan, Hoana
This research investigates the ways in which Pākehā English teachers in English-medium secondary schools teach Māori texts. English teachers in Aotearoa New Zealand are increasingly teaching Māori-authored and Māori-focused texts as the education system grapples with addressing centuries of inequitable practices and outcomes for Māori ākonga. Research supports culturally responsive teaching and learning practices in improving student success and wellbeing, and the sector has been making strides in incorporating mātauranga Māori in many areas of the curriculum. However, scholarship has not yet adequately interrogated how teachers in secondary English classrooms, the majority of whom are Pākehā women, engage with Māori texts. This is especially crucial in the wake of significant changes to the English curriculum which now mandates the teaching of Māori-authored texts in Years 7 through 10. This research bridges that gap, illustrating Pākehā teacher perspectives, views, barriers, and enablers when teaching Māori texts. This is achieved through semi-structured interviews with six teachers, and a thematic analysis of their shared stories, which are presented as narrative case studies. The findings highlight the need for stronger structural support for teachers when teaching Māori texts. This includes more robust preparation in Initial Teacher Education, opportunities for professional collaboration, and the development of reflexive teaching practices. Teachers also described vulnerability and resilience as important elements of culturally responsive practice. The findings offer insights for educators to support their own reflexive practice and highlight potential systemic changes needed within Initial Teacher Education and Ministry of Education subject support to better prepare current and future non-Māori English teachers to work confidently with Māori texts.
Framing disability in Malaysian federal budget speeches: A discourse analysis of disability policy narratives (2016-2026)
(The University of Waikato, 2026) Koong, Veronica; Piercy-Cameron, Gemma
Disability policy plays a crucial role in shaping opportunities and social participation for persons with disabilities (PWDs). While existing research has examined disability policy frameworks in Malaysia, fewer studies have explored how disability is represented within official government policy discourse. This thesis examines how disability is framed in Malaysian federal budget speeches from 2016 to 2026 and what these framings reveal about underlying policy approaches. The study adopts a qualitative discourse analysis informed by social constructionism and framing theory. Malaysian federal budget speeches were analysed as key policy texts that communicate government priorities and justify public expenditure decisions. Disability-related references were coded to identify recurring policy frames. Six dominant frames were identified: welfare and protection; accessibility and service access; symbolic recognition; education and developmental support; employment and economic participation; and care and rehabilitation support. The findings show that disability is frequently positioned within broader narratives of vulnerable populations, social welfare programmes, and national development. While some references reflect elements of the social model of disability, welfare-oriented narratives remain prominent. Importantly, the findings highlight a gap between rights-based policy commitments and their implementation, with disability governance remaining largely programme-based and lacking strong enforcement mechanisms. Overall, this study demonstrates how disability is positioned within Malaysian policy discourse and contributes to broader discussions on disability policy and governance.