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Item Racial inequalities in engineering employment in Aotearoa New Zealand(Report, WERO, Te Ngira Institute for Population Research, The University of Waikato, 2025)This report presents findings from research on racism and inequality in engineering employment in New Zealand. Conducted as part of the Working to End Racial Oppression (WERO) research programme (see: https://wero.ac.nz/), this study examines how racial discrimination operates in recruitment and career progression within the engineering sector. The research was carried out with the support of Engineering New Zealand | Te Ao Rangahau and the Association of Consulting and Engineering New Zealand. This research involves two phases of in-depth interviews. The first phase entails interviews with industry key informants such as human resources staff, managers, or people from diversity and culture teams for different engineering firms that ranged from very small to large in size. In the second phase, currently employed engineers from different ethnic groups were undertaken, including Māori, Pacific, Pākehā, Asian and Middle Eastern, Latin American and African (MELAA). The findings from these two sets of interviews are presented respectively in Section 3 and 4. The research also included an analysis of the workforce composition and wage gaps in Engineering based on analysis of Census and New Zealand Income Survey data. This analysis, which is presented in Section 1, revealed the disproportionately low number of female engineers, and of Māori and Pacific people employed as engineers. Analysis of average median hourly wages revealed notable differences, with Māori and Pacific engineers having median wages that are around 80% of the overall median. There has been a significant emphasis on Diversity, Equity and Inclusion (DEI) in recruitment and human resource management in Engineering in recent years. This emphasis reflects industry efforts to address known ethnic and gender imbalances in the workforce. Industry informants, however, highlighted several challenges, tensions, and contradictions they faced in integrating and practicing DEI in recruitment. Employers often struggle to balance competing frameworks such as equity, meritocracy, and people-focused approaches, making recruitment decisions complex. Despite initiatives like blind CV screening, targeted graduate programmes and preferential shortlisting of Māori and Pacific applicants, the industry remains heavily merit-driven. Additionally, DEI efforts are largely gender-focused, lacking an intersectional approach that considers overlapping social inequities. The interviews with engineers revealed that individuals from different ethnic groups face distinct barriers and challenges in securing employment and advancing their careers. For Māori and Pacific engineers, the pathway into engineering is severely limited, with only a small number entering the profession each year. Those currently employed often experience what has been described V as a ‘cultural tax’—being expected to take on cultural responsibilities in addition to their technical roles, without monetary compensation or clear career advancement opportunities. Racialised immigrant engineers, on the contrary, reported devaluation and deskilling of their qualifications and experience based on their ethnic and national origins. Despite extensive work experience in their home countries, they were often required to restart their careers in graduate or entry-level positions. Several participants shared experiences of unfair promotions, where White, European, and Anglophone employees were favoured for leadership roles. When discussing their own career trajectories, most non-Pākehā and nonEuropean participants expressed scepticism about ever being promoted to senior positions with decision-making authority. The accounts of discriminations and racial inequalities shared by engineers have profound implications for their employment, career progression, well-being, and society at large. Navigating a predominantly monocultural work environment—marked by challenges like cultural taxation, glass ceilings, and the ‘white boys’ club’—places additional burdens on racialised groups. The pressure to constantly prove their worth further exacerbates these issues, leading to serious retention problems. If not addressed, the sector risks losing engineers from diverse ethnic backgrounds, exacerbating gender and ethnic pay gaps, worsening representation and diversity issues, and reinforcing systemic racial inequities. Addressing monoculturalism and the ‘white boys’ club’ culture and fostering a genuinely inclusive profession will require systemic changes within engineering firms and in accepted norms in the profession and industry. Without a shift in workplace culture, efforts to recruit more engineers from underrepresented backgrounds will remain ineffective, as many will continue to leave due to unwelcoming environments. To create lasting change, DEI initiatives must go beyond recruitment and actively reshape the structures, policies, and day-today practices that define the industry. This requires the mindful integration of diverse cultural values and practices into every layer of organisational functions, including recruitment, career advancement frameworks, and job descriptions.Publication Phage display systems for antibody engineering and evaluation(Thesis, The University of Waikato, 2025)Antibodies are versatile effector molecules of the adaptive immune system, distinguished by their capacity to recognise and engage diverse antigens with high specificity and affinity. The widespread adoption of antibodies, and their various formats, in diagnostics and therapeutics has been made possible through the co-operation of experimental and computational molecular engineering techniques. Functional screening of variant antibody libraries has proven essential for successful antibody development. Several protein display technologies have been deployed for this important screening phase, including phage display. Whilst one of the older approaches, phage display still offers many advantages over alternatives and synergises well with other advances in molecular biology techniques. This thesis demonstrates how phage display, when paired with modern techniques in novel ways, remains an extremely flexible and powerful tool for engineering and evaluating antibodies.Publication Unvoiced: A Fairytale(Thesis, The University of Waikato, 2025)Outside the apartment, the Catastrophe is raging. After the Emergency six years before, a combination of nuclear ruin, atmospheric deterioration, epidemic disease and internecine warfare has emptied the City streets. Only children, curiously immune to both the crippling illness and war politics, venture out through the urban pollution to collect supplies and conduct business, ostensibly in their parents’ names. Anna, mother of two teenage boys, is holed up inside and attempting to stay sane. Formerly a lawyer and relapsing frequently with the new disease, she conducts online affairs under a pseudonym, promoting the underground spread of health-preserving vaccines. Her absent husband, Seb, has long been conscripted to the Front. Anna’s mothering of her children is inflected by complex interdependence and power inversions, honed through long years of domestic isolation. One of her two boys is a daughter, Honey, whose distorted childhood freedom of the street is now threatened by her oncoming puberty. Honey assumes the boyish identity, Jack, which allows her to keep leaving the house, but this places her at risk of infection as well as on-street conscription if identified as an adult. Jack’s relationship with her mother becomes strained, as she grapples with her own maturing body, her mother’s ill-health, the looming restrictions of adulthood and her delegated role as her mother’s Voice. Meanwhile, in a setting as yet untouched by the Catastrophe, Southland Kiwi farmer Nick views the global situation pragmatically, with an agricultural eye. Only partially aware of the dystopia outside the still-locked borders of New Zealand, Nick’s isolated rural community seems far-distanced from such cataclysmic events. Now suddenly, a strange new disease begins spreading amongst the young cattle Nick is grazing on his family farm. Suspecting that some part of the Catastrophe has reached the far South, Nick begins to research online, and he becomes obsessed with the disasters occurring outside New Zealand. As he invests more in his online persona, the international Catastrophe and the people living through it become more urgent to him than the issues of his own farm and family. Spanning the fractured global story of our times, Unvoiced: A Fairytale draws on a range of voices from our post-pandemic moment. This unfurling dramaturgy of disorder juxtaposes divergent perspectives, news-clippings, flashbacks and fever dreams to weave a twisted fairytale in five Acts. Its flickering reportage of tentatively connected storylines explores a near-future in which disaster-hardened adults become entrapped in worlds of their own making, while the younger generation become carriers of disease, sexual violence, cynicism and disabling propaganda. Personal and social trauma embeds in family narratives and becomes intergenerational. New forms of identity and relationships unfold in the digital landscapes which connect us loosely, shaping personalities and raising troubling questions about who and where we really are. Which parts of our lives are merely invented, and by whom? What do we really know about our world, and how do we know it? Is the Catastrophe already upon us, or has it been fabricated online, and within us, by paranoid and sickening minds? Through haunting fragments and unfinished stories, woven with wistful nostalgia for what we have already lost, Unvoiced: A Fairytale warns of the potential human devastation arising out of the nightmarish conflagration of war, politics, disease and climate catastrophe.Publication Nonequilibrium transitions in quantum optical systems(Thesis, The University of Waikato, 1979)The topic of this thesis is a theoretical study of nonequilibrium transitions and quantum statistical properties of nonlinear quantum optical systems driven by an external radiation source. In certain limiting cases, a comparison is made between these transitions and the phase transitions found in equilibrium physical systems. In chapters one and two, the mathematical tools are introduced. In operator terms, the time development is described by a Markovian master equation in the interaction picture. This is equivalent to a corresponding time development equation or Fokker-Planck equation in a vector space of c-numbers. In order to deal with the type of Fokker-Planck equation that results, we introduce a quantum classical correspondence resulting in a distribution function over a complex phase-space, which is a generalisation of the Glauber-Sudarshan P-function. In chapter three this is applied to a model of a coherently driven mode with nonlinear dispersion and absorption. We find in the limit of zero temperature, that the spectrum is symmetric relative to the input frequency, and an exact solution is obtained for the distribution function. For a detuned driving field and nonlinear dispersion, optical bistability can occur. In chapter four a model of sub/second harmonic generation is introduced. This has several non-equilibrium transitions, including dispersive optical bistability, and bistable behaviour with coherent phase-locked input to both modes. Exact solutions occur in the limit of zero temperature and adiabatic elimination of one mode. In both chapters three and four, steady-state photon anti-bunching occurs with an absorptive nonlinearity. In chapter five we include interactions between the radiation mode and a fluorescent atomic system. In this case different behaviour occurs depending on the relative decay rates of the individual atoms and of the radiation mode. In the case of a high-Q interferometer, the atomic variables can be adiabatically eliminated. Both dispersive and absorptive bistability can occur. We show by analytic and numerical calculations (in the case of inhomogeneous broadening) that dispersive operation has advantages in requiring a lower atomic density and input field to observe bistability. When the input field has Gaussian (rather than coherent) photon statistics, there is no bistability, but enhanced photon bunching occurs. Finally, there is a different type of behaviour when the field mode decays rapidly and can be adiabatically eliminated. Within the cooperation lifetime the system can be described by a J²-invariant Hamiltonian, giving the special case of only collective damping. The result is a new type of critical point transition in the thermodynamic limit, with the appearance of a family of solutions like Lotka-Volterra cycles for a coherent driving field above threshold.Publication Caldolase: an alkaline serine protease from Thermus strain TOK₃(Thesis, The University of Waikato, 1985)The object of this investigation was the isolation of extreme thermophiles producing extracellular proteases, and the biochemical characterisation of a stable, chelator-insensitive protease. Two plate assay systems were developed for the initial screening of proteases. The first involved the incorporation of various protease inhibitors (particularly chelating agents) in casein agar plates, the second the inclusion of a variety of native and chromogenic proteins in the agar plates. In conjunction, these methods provided a basis for screening extreme thermophiles for particular proteases, and enabled the identification of fourteen new proteases. Included amongst them was an extracellular serine protease from a Thermus strain designated Tok₃, which was selected for further study. The protease was purified to homogeneity by ammonium-sulphate precipitation followed by ion exchange on DEAE-cellulose and QAE-Sephadex, affinity chromatography on CBZ-phe-TETA-Sepharose-4B, gel filtration chromatography on either Sephadex G-75 or TSK G3000 SW using HPLC system and finally Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. For convenience the protease was assigned a trivial name, and the term Caldolase was chosen. The prefix Caldo- is derived from Latin Caldo (hot) and the suffix ‘ase’ is a general term for enzymes. The specific activity of the pure enzyme was estimated to be 38,000 proteolytic units per mg (PU mg ml⁻¹) at 75°C using casein as the substrate. The purified enzyme had a pH optimum of 9.5 with an isoelectric point of 8.9. Caldolase demonstrated greatest stability between pH 7 and 10. The molecular weight of the protease was estimated by exclusion chromatography on Sephadex G-75 and TSK G3000 SW to be 25,000 daltons. The enzyme was inhibited by serine inhibitors (DFP, PMSF and di-phenyl carbamyl chloride), partially inhibited by heavy metal (CUCl₂), but not inhibited by metal chelators (EDTA, EGTA, 0-phenanthroline, and NEPIS), Cysteine inhibitors (PCMB, iodo-acetamide, and N-ethylmaleimide) or trypsin inhibitors. These results indicate that Caldolase is an alkaline serine protease. Neither Ca²⁺ nor Zn²⁺ ions were detected in the highly purified protease. The presence of four disulphide bonds per molecule of the enzyme was indicated with dithionitro-benzoate. No free sulphydryl groups were found. The purified protease contained approximately 10% carbohydrate. The amino acid composition of Caldolase was determined. The enzyme exhibited strong substrate inhibition when using casein, azo-casein, and azo-albumin as substrates. No substrate inhibition was observed when low-molecular weight synthetic substrates were used, indicating that substrate inhibition using casein and azo-albumin substrates may be due to steric hindrance rather than binding to the active site of the enzyme. The Arrhenius plots for both casein and peptide substrates were curved, but without any clearly marked discontinuity. It is concluded that the effect of temperature on the enzyme conformation is continuous rather than occurring at a particular temperature. No significant differences were observed in Kₘ values at various temperatures between 45° and 85°C. Caldolase hydrolysed several protein substrates, including casein, albumin, ovalbumin, haemoglobin, collagen, fibrin and elastin, and a number of synthetic chromogenic peptides. It also possessed esterase activity. The enzyme was not able to hydrolyse peptides possessing fewer than four groups (amino acid residues and terminal blocking group). Caldolase did not hydrolyse Bradykinin (Arg-Pro-Pro-Gly-Phe-Ser-Pro-phe-Arg). In contrast enzyme hydrolysis of insulin B chain resulted in a very complex pattern, suggesting a low degree of specificity. The enzyme was very thermostable. Half-life values were: 100°C, 5 min; 90°C, 45 min; and 80°C, 840 min. Caldolase was stable in denaturing agents (GuHCl, urea) at 22°C, but not at 85°C. Exposure of the enzyme to various organic solvents caused no significant loss of catalytic activity. Ionic strength had a marked effect on enzyme stability. The combination of low salt concentration (below 0.3M NaCl) and low temperatures (under 75°C) results in reversible enzyme denaturation. However, at high temperatures (above 80°C) this phenomenon is rapidly followed by autolysis by the remaining active enzyme.
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