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Deep learning in diabetic foot ulcers detection: A comprehensive evaluation
Yap, Moi Hoon; Hachiuma, Ryo; Alavi, Azadeh; Brüngel, Raphael; Cassidy, Bill; Goyal, Manu; Zhu, Hongtao; Rückert, Johannes; Olshansky, Moshe; Huang, Xiao; Saito, Hideo; Hassanpour, Saeed; Friedrich, Christoph M.; Ascher, David B.; Song, Anping; Kajita, Hiroki; Gillespie, David; Reeves, Neil D.; Pappachan, Joseph M.; O'Shea, Claire; Frank, Eibe
Abstract
There has been a substantial amount of research involving computer methods and technology for the detection and recognition of diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs), but there is a lack of systematic comparisons of state-of-the-art deep learning object detection frameworks applied to this problem. DFUC2020 provided participants with a comprehensive dataset consisting of 2,000 images for training and 2,000 images for testing. This paper summarizes the results of DFUC2020 by comparing the deep learning-based algorithms proposed by the winning teams: Faster R–CNN, three variants of Faster R–CNN and an ensemble method; YOLOv3; YOLOv5; EfficientDet; and a new Cascade Attention Network. For each deep learning method, we provide a detailed description of model architecture, parameter settings for training and additional stages including pre-processing, data augmentation and post-processing. We provide a comprehensive evaluation for each method. All the methods required a data augmentation stage to increase the number of images available for training and a post-processing stage to remove false positives. The best performance was obtained from Deformable Convolution, a variant of Faster R–CNN, with a mean average precision (mAP) of 0.6940 and an F1-Score of 0.7434. Finally, we demonstrate that the ensemble method based on different deep learning methods can enhance the F1-Score but not the mAP.
Type
Journal Article
Type of thesis
Series
Citation
Yap, M. H., Hachiuma, R., Alavi, A., Brüngel, R., Cassidy, B., Goyal, M., … Frank, E. (2021). Deep learning in diabetic foot ulcers detection: A comprehensive evaluation. Computers in Biology and Medicine, 135, 104596–104596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.104596
Date
2021
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Degree
Supervisors
Rights
© 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).