Interrogative city infrastructures

Abstract

The term City Infrastructures is restricted often to the physical elements of a city, while in practice it represents both hard infrastructure of built environment and utilities, as well as soft infrastructures comprising services, networks, social groupings, and personal skills. Part of the confusion is the lack of clarity about the role and delivery of infrastructure and its relationship to livelihood and livability. To address this issue, a critical examination was undertaken of urban sustainability from perspectives of City Infrastructures using an interdisciplinary framework that investigates the relationships, conflicts and connections between soft and hard infrastructures in terms of utilities, institutions, communities and personal skills.