Relational engagement in engineering: Developing an indigenous engagement framework for practice with Mana Whenua in Aotearoa New Zealand

Abstract

Engagement with mana whenua (territorial rights holders) is a vital part of competent engineering practice across Aotearoa New Zealand. Despite the existence of a large number of Indigenous Engagement Frameworks (IEFs), engineers seeking to engage face challenges in accessing, interpreting, and applying the available guidance in ways that respect Māori (Indigenous New Zealander) authority. Therefore, the research conducted here aims to the development of a practical IEF and accompanying spatial map to support early and culturally appropriate engagement with Māori.

Through a literature review and interviews with iwi (nation) representatives and museum curators, the study identified key gaps in accessibility and usability of existing frameworks. Many of the IEFs reviewed assumed a certain level of prior knowledge and experience from the user, which limited their effectiveness for engineers unfamiliar with engagement processes. Interviewees further emphasised the importance of relational engagement in achieving culturally appropriate and effective outcomes. While engineers often rely on structured processes, the interviews found that effective engagement with mana whenua requires flexibility, time, and relationship-building. Rather than prioritising one approach over the other, the most effective result will come from finding a balance between structured processes and relational practice. The research highlights the need for practical guidance that supports engineers in navigating relational and culturally grounded engagement practices.

An iterative design process was used for the development of the IEF and accompanying spatial mapping tool, which were presented in the form of a practical booklet and interactive map that balances the desire for procedural guidance with prompts that encourage relationship-building. The study also demonstrates the practical and theoretical value of using site-specific taiao (environment) knowledge within engineering contexts, while emphasising the relational and reciprocal nature of engagement. Limitations of the study and opportunities for future research, such as including iwi-led spatial mapping and the potential for a reciprocal engagement framework, are also discussed.

This thesis contributes to a culturally grounded IEF designed to support engineers in conducting respectful and effective engagement with mana whenua.