Introduction Sprinting is a key performance marker in sports and involves the stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) of the lower limbs. The triceps surae or calf muscle complex is shown to be a key contributor to sprinting, but many calf function assessments used in athlete profiling do not fully consider the SSC. Similarly, lower-limb plyometric abilities are important for sprinting, but few studies explore how plyometrics in the horizontal and vertical axes relate to sprint performance. Therefore, we investigated the association between various calf metrics, single-leg plyometric outcomes, and sprint performances to determine which assessment metrics are the most relevant as athletic performance indicators. Methods Thirty active participants (14 male, 16 female) completed a test battery in two sessions that included 0-40 m maximum sprints; single-leg calf muscle isometric strength, power, and strength-endurance tests; and plyometrics in the vertical and horizontal axes. Sprint outcomes included maximal sprint acceleration (MSA, 0-10 m time), maximal sprint speed (MSS, 30-40 m time), and 0-40 m sprint time. Calf muscle metrics included single-leg seated and standing isometric strength (N), peak concentric power (W) from an eccentric-concentric task with an additional 30% body mass load, and total repetitions and positive work (J) from strength-endurance testing. Plyometric outcomes included vertical reactive strength index (RSI) and jump height (m) from a single-leg 30-cm drop jump, and two horizontal RSIs and total horizontal distance (m) from a forward triple hop for distance. Pearson correlation coefficients (r) were computed to assess the strength of relationships between I sprints, calf, and plyometric measures. Significance was set to p ≤ 0.05. Only significant values are presented in the results. Results Calf power showed large correlations with MSA (r = -0.678) and MSS (r = -0.707), as did total work during strength-endurance testing (MSA: r = -0.588; MSS: r = -0.578). Standing isometric calf strength was largely correlated to MSS (r = -0.544) and MSA (r = -0.562); whereas seated correlations were moderate (MSS: r = -0.470; MSA: r = -0.459). Horizontal total distance (r = -0.785 to -0.694) and horizontal RSIs showed large correlations with MSA, MSS, and 40 m sprint times. Vertical RSI exhibited moderate correlations with MSA, MSS, and 40 m sprint times (r = -0.422 to -0.386). Vertical drop-jump height was not significantly related to any sprint metrics. Plyometric outcomes within the same axes were largely interrelated, with only the vertical RSI exhibiting a moderate relationship to horizontal RSI2 (r = 0.366) and horizontal total distance (r = 0.407). The only large correlation between plyometric and calf metrics was between horizontal total distance and calf power (r = 0.628). Horizontal total distance moderately correlated with all other calf metrics (r = 0.487 to 0.381). Seated isometric strength moderately related to vertical plyometric outcomes (r = 0.411 to 0.447). Conclusion The calf power test was the most strongly associated calf metric to sprint performances, and horizontal total distance was the most strongly associated plyometric outcome to sprint performances. Both tests are easy to implement in practice and could be used as a maximal sprint acceleration and speed performance indicator. Future research should explore whether a causal relationship exists and explore the relevance of outcomes to high performance sports and rehabilitation.