Nga Taumata o te Moana - A return to rangatiratanga over the takutai moana

Downs, Season-Mary

Nga Taumata o te Moana - A return to rangatiratanga over the takutai moana

dc.contributor.advisor	Morse, Bradford W.
dc.contributor.advisor	Te Aho, Linda
dc.contributor.author	Downs, Season-Mary
dc.date.accessioned	2020-08-18T02:20:07Z
dc.date.available	2020-08-18T02:20:07Z
dc.date.issued	2020
dc.date.updated	2020-08-10T00:45:35Z
dc.description.abstract	The Foreshore and Seabed Act 2004 extinguished Māori customary rights to the foreshore and seabed at law by vesting ownership of the foreshore and seabed in the Crown. The Act prohibited Māori from having their customary rights recognised at common law by removing the jurisdiction of the courts to investigate customary rights in the takutai moana. The 2004 Act provided for the recognition of new lesser rights, should Māori be able to meet the tests specified in the legislation. The legislation was heavily criticised and deemed inconsistent with the treaty, the rule of law, and international human rights law, where it extinguished the rights of Māori, but not the rights of other right holders. The legislation was so controversial the 2004 Act was repealed by the Marine and Coastal Area (Takutai Moana) Act 2011. In the Crown’s mind, the 2011 Act is final, and the longstanding foreshore and seabed dispute related to Māori customary claims to the takutai moana is resolved by the legislation. The purpose of the Marine and Coastal Area (Takutai Moana) Act 2011 is to “establish a durable scheme to ensure the protection of the legitimate interests of all New Zealanders” in the takutai moana. Under the new Act, the takutai moana is now given the special status of “common marine and coastal area”; an area that is “incapable of ownership” by the Crown, Māori or anyone else. The Act states that it “acknowledges” the “Treaty of Waitangi (Te Tiriti o Waitangi)” and “recognises” the “mana tuku iho” exercised in the common marine and coastal area by iwi, hapū, and whānau as tangata whenua. Like the 2004 Act, the 2011 Act still bars Māori from obtaining common law customary rights in the takutai moana, and instead puts in place a regime for the recognition of new legal rights that are created by the Act itself. The primary research question is: Is the Marine and Coastal Area (Takutai Moana) Act 2011 consistent with te Tiriti o Waitangi, the Māori version of the treaty? The primary research question is answered by examining the colonial experience of Te Kapotai, a coastal hapū (tribe) in the Southern Bay of Islands from pre-te Tiriti times through to the present day. It provides an account of how, over time, Crown law, policy and practice have eroded the ability of Te Kapotai to exercise their rangatiratanga (authority) over their takutai moana. This thesis concludes that the 2011 Act is inconsistent with te Tiriti for four key reasons: 1. The Act was developed and implemented without negotiation and consent from Māori; 2. The Act continues to remove the customary rights and procedure for recognition of those rights that were previously available at common law; 3. The Act fails to provide for the exercise of rangatiratanga by Māori over the takutai moana as guaranteed under Article 2 of te Tiriti o Waitangi; and 4. The Act is in breach of the principle of equity and equal treatment under Article 3 of te Tiriti o Waitangi where it treats Māori and their rights to the takutai moana differently to how all other right/interest holders in the foreshore and seabed are treated. This research recommends a multifaceted approach to resolving the takutai moana issue, which includes pausing the implementation of the 2011 Act, and the development of interim options to increase Māori participation in the management of the takutai moana. It promotes that a transformational approach to the takutai moana issue can be achieved when te Tiriti is implemented, and when Māori can exercise rangatiratanga over the takutai moana in a manner that was intended under te Tiriti o Waitangi.
dc.format.mimetype	application/pdf
dc.identifier.citation	Downs, S.-M. (2020). Nga Taumata o te Moana - A return to rangatiratanga over the takutai moana (Thesis, Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)). The University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/10289/13736	en
dc.identifier.uri	https://hdl.handle.net/10289/13736
dc.language.iso	en
dc.publisher	The University of Waikato
dc.rights	All items in Research Commons are provided for private study and research purposes and are protected by copyright with all rights reserved unless otherwise indicated.
dc.subject	takutai moana
dc.subject	foreshore and seabed
dc.subject	rangatiratanga
dc.subject	te tiriti
dc.subject	the treaty
dc.subject	kawanatanga
dc.subject	sovereignty
dc.subject	maori
dc.subject	rights
dc.subject	international law
dc.subject	common law
dc.subject	indigenous rights
dc.subject	tangata whenua
dc.subject	tikanga
dc.subject	law
dc.subject	marine and coastal area
dc.title	Nga Taumata o te Moana - A return to rangatiratanga over the takutai moana
dc.type	Thesis
pubs.place-of-publication	Hamilton, New Zealand	en_NZ
thesis.degree.grantor	The University of Waikato
thesis.degree.level	Doctoral
thesis.degree.name	Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)