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Marks of conscious engagement when performing a motor task with or without a robotic arm

Abstract
Utilizing prosthetic limbs effectively and alleviating the conscious burden through minimizing conscious control is important to address and understand in the ever-changing world of technology. Prosthetics can be difficult to learn how to use effectively and using them increases conscious awareness which is termed a burden. The conscious burden prosthetics have on users is consistently addressed by a multitude of studies and garners for more in depth research to understand and identify solutions to alleviate this burden. Conscious motor control is defined as the level of awareness of an individual performing a movement related skill or task, where the higher the conscious control the more an individual is thinking of their movements while executing them. The aim of this thesis was to measure conscious burden objectively by examining the marks of conscious engagement when performing a reaction time task with and without a robotic arm. Chapter 1 is an introduction to this thesis including a literature review of relevant topics such as prosthetic limbs, conscious movement control, subjective and objective measurements of conscious movement control and electroencephalography (EEG). Prosthetic rejection rates, conscious burden and prosthetic limb learning are also addressed. The outline of the experiment for this thesis is included and discussed more in depth in Chapter 2. Chapter 2 is the experiment in full examining the level of conscious control while participating in a reaction time based motor learning task using a robotic arm versus own arm. There were two conditions, the complex condition (multi-choice) and simple condition (single choice). A secondary task of tone counting was included in half the trials to examine whether more conscious processing is involved when working with the robotic arm versus normal arm while doing the reaction time task. It was expected that there would be higher conscious control and slower reaction times when participants used the robotic arm compared to their own arm. EEG was used to assess the connectivity between the left temporal verbal-analytical (T7) site and the motor planning mid-frontal (Fz) site of the brain. Connectivity of T7-Fz is used to measure the verbal-analytical engagement in motor planning which is then used to measure conscious control. The results revealed the complex condition had a significantly higher reaction time dual-task cost for arm compared to robotic arm and a higher T7-Fz connectivity dual-cost (difference in performance for single versus dual task) for the robotic arm in the complex condition compared to simple condition. We concluded that use of a robotic arm increases verbal-analytical engagement when performing a motor task compared to using the own arm. Chapter 3 is the overall discussion of the experimental findings for the use of robotic arms in reaction time tasks measuring conscious control and what it may mean for future research. Implicit motor learning is discussed as well as implicit motor learning interventions such as dual-task learning, analogy learning and errorless learning. There are also other learning interventions to promote intuitive control in prosthetic limb learning such as gaze training and neurofeedback.
Type
Thesis
Type of thesis
Series
Citation
Date
2024
Publisher
The University of Waikato
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