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FTNMR and aspects of germanium chemistry

Abstract
Experimentally determined baseline parameters were obtained for the NMR observation of 32 isotopes, notably including ⁷³Ge. Extensive ⁷³Ge studies were performed, despite the technical difficulties from a low NMR receptivity, and a low observation frequency. The majority of germanium compounds studied gave ⁷³Ge resonances. Germanium-73 chemical shifts, linewidths, and germanium proton coupling constants have been obtained, doubling the total number of compounds studied directly by ⁷³Ge NMR. Sample concentrations must be typically at least 0.1 M to avoid using excessive instrument time ( > 5 hours). The larger spectral dispersion of ⁷³Ge NMR than ¹H or ¹³C NMR often makes it a better tool for characterization. Trends in ⁷³Ge chemical shifts and coupling constants are surveyed and their use in characterizing hydrides and organogermanes are illustrated. Germanium-73 NMR gave more spectral information on redistributions in the GeY₄:SiX₄, GeX₄:SnY₄, and GeX₄:HgC1₂ systems than did ²⁹Si, ¹¹⁹Sn, or ¹⁹⁹Hg NMR, revealing a slower redistribution than in MX₄:MY₄ systems (M = Ge or Sn; X, Y = Cl or Br). Nuclear relaxation studies on ⁷³Ge have been greatly extended, increasing the total number of compounds studied three-fold. Values of T₁ from inversion-recovery experiments ranged from 13 to 1300 ms near RT. The dominance of the quadrupolar relaxation mechanism has been established, and the non-existence of signals from compounds with germanium in an asymmetric environment is attributed to rapid relaxation. Estimates of activation energies for molecular reorientation, and nuclear quadrupole coupling constants (2.3-17 MHz) using ¹³C correlation times have been obtained. Proton PT to ⁷³Ge via the sequence INEPT was established and its value demonstrated both for sensitivity enhancement and for help in spectral assignment. Observations imply that all compounds with ¹J(Ge,H) or ²J(Ge,C,H) coupling give proton PT. Large enhancements (2-20 fold) were obtained, although long proton T₁ values reduced instrument time savings to 3-100 fold, with the addition of a relaxant in some cases. The loss of signal during the sequence via nuclear relaxation is smaller for INEPT than for another multinuclear PT sequence, UPT, and this difference is maximized for a nucleus with a large spin, like ⁷³Ge. Preliminary work on ⁷⁷Se INEPT and multinuclear studies on transition metal carbonyls are presented.
Type
Thesis
Type of thesis
Series
Citation
Date
1984
Publisher
The University of Waikato
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